Chapter 8: The Reformation - Edl€¦ · Protestantism. The Reformation ... Protestant teachings...

The

1500 1525 1550 16001500 1525 1550 1600

1545Pope Paul IIIopens theCouncil of Trent

1536Calvin publishesInstitutes of the

Christian Religion

1517Martin Luther

writes Ninety-Five Theses

Reformation

Wittenberg Cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany

604

–60

5B

ill R

oss/

CO

RB

IS

418-421 CH8 CO-868876 1/16/05 9:56 PM Page 418

Chapter Overview Visitca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 8.

The Reformation BeginsReligion influences how civilization develops and how culture spreads.

Martin Luther and other reformers broke from the Catholic Churchand began a new Christian movement that came to be calledProtestantism.

The Reformation SpreadsAll civilizations depend upon leadership for survival. John Calvin’s

Protestant teachings spread across Europe and into North America.Meanwhile, Henry VIII declared himself the head of the Church inEngland.

The Counter-ReformationConflict often brings about great change. While the Catholic Church

attempted to carry out reforms known as the Counter-Reformation, Catholics and Protestants fought bloody religiouswars across Europe.

View the Chapter 8 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Summarizing Information Make this foldable and use it to organize note cardswith information about the Reformation.

Reading and WritingAs you read the chapter,summarize key factsabout the Reformation onnote cards or on quartersheets of paper. Organizeyour notes by placingthem in your pocketfoldable inside theappropriate pockets.

Step 1 Fold a horizontalsheet of paper (11” x 17”)into thirds.

Gluehere.

Gluehere.

Step 2 Fold the bottom edge up two inches andcrease well. Glue the outer edges of the tab tocreate three pockets.

TheReformationBeginsThe

ReformationSpreads

TheCounter-

Reformation

Step 3 Label the pocketsas shown. Use thesepockets to hold notes takenon index cards or quartersheets of paper.

419

418-421 CH8 CO-868876 1/16/05 10:01 PM Page 419

http://ca.hss.glencoe.com

A single cause can have

several effects. A single

effect can also be the

result of several causes.

420

Learning to identify causes and effects helps you understandhow and why things happen in history. A cause is the reason whysomething happens. The result of what happens is called an effect.Use graphic organizers to help you sort and understand causesand effects in your reading. Read the following passage, and thensee how the information can be sorted.

Identifying Cause and Effect

Church hadproblems—onlyconcerned withmoney and power

heavily taxed the people

clergy behaved and spent money like kings

used position to get family jobs

less concerned with religion

EFFECTS

CAUSE

By the 1300s, many people believed the Churchhad problems. It taxed people heavily, and somebishops behaved like they were kings. They builtpalaces, spent money on fine art, and made surethat their relatives had good jobs. In many villages,priests could barely read or give a good sermon.

— from page 423

418-421 CH8 CO-868876 7/12/05 9:21 AM Page 420

History is often a chain of causes and effects. The result, oreffect, of one event can also be the cause of another effect. Read thepassage called The Church Tries to Reform Itself from Section 3on page 436. Then use the graphic organizer below or create yourown to show the chain of causes and effects explained in the passage.

Choose a major eventfrom the chapter. Thenwrite a brief paragraphexplaining whatcaused this event.

Read to Write

421

Identify causes and effects in the his-tory of the Reformation as you readthe chapter. Find at least five causesand their effects, and create graphicorganizers to record them.

CAUSE

EFFECT CAUSE

EFFECTCAUSE

EFFECT CAUSE

EFFECT

The Council of Trent

Mus

ee d

u Lo

uvre

, P

aris

/Gira

udon

, P

aris

/Sup

erS

tock

418-421 CH8 CO-868876 1/16/05 10:10 PM 21

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH7.9 Studentsanalyze the historicaldevelopments of theReformation.

Looking Back, Looking AheadDuring the Middle Ages, all of

Western Europe’s Christians wereCatholic. The movement called theReformation, however, questionedCatholic beliefs and power.

Focusing on the • The reforms of Martin Luther led to

the creation of new Christianchurches. (page 423)

• Political leaders often supportedProtestantism because they wantedmore power. (page 428)

Locating PlacesWittenberg (WIH•tuhn•BUHRG)

Meeting PeopleMartin Luther

Desiderius Erasmus (DEHS• ih•DIHR•ee•uhs ih•RAZ•muhs)

John Wycliffe (WIH•KLIHF)William Tyndale (TIHN•duhl)

Content VocabularyReformation (REH•fuhr•MAY•

shuhn)indulgence (ihn•DUHL• juhns)denomination (dih•NAH•muh•

NAY•shuhn)

Academic Vocabularyconclude (kuhn•KLOOD)energy (EH•nuhr• jee)resource (REE•SOHRS)convert (kuhn•VUHRT)

Reading StrategyCause and Effect Create a diagram toshow some of the causes for theReformation.

1517Martin Lutherwrites Ninety-Five Theses

1525William Tyndaleprints NewTestament in English

1555Peace ofAugsburgsigned

1500 1530 15601500 1530 1560

422 CHAPTER 8 • The Reformation

The

Reformation Begins

ReformationBegins

Rome

GenevaParis

London Wittenberg

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 1/20/05 2:13 PM Page 422

WH7.9.1 List the causes for the internal turmoil in and weakening of the Catholic church (e.g., tax policies, selling of indulgences).

WH7.9.2 Describe the theological, political, and economic ideas of the major figures during the Reformation (e.g., Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William Tyndale).

423

Calls for Church ReformThe reforms of Martin Luther led to the

creation of new Christian churches.

Reading Connection Can you think of any reformersin the United States? Read to learn how someEuropeans set out to reform the Catholic Church andended up starting a new church instead.

In 1517 a young monk named MartinLuther challenged the Roman CatholicChurch. He publicly argued that the popecould not decide what a person had to do toget into heaven. Eventually, his challenge tothe pope’s authority led to the creation ofnew churches in Western Europe.

At first, Luther only wanted to reformthe Catholic Church. This is why we callthese events the Reformation (REH • fuhr •MAY • shuhn). The Reformation was thebeginning of a movement in Christianityknown as Protestantism. By the end of theReformation, many new Christian churcheshad appeared in Europe.

What Ideas Led to the Reformation? Inthe last chapter, you read about humanism.When humanism spread to northernEurope, it led to a new movement inChristianity called Christian humanism. Itschief leader was a scholar and clergymannamed Desiderius Erasmus (DEHS • ih• DIHR•ee•uhs ih•RAZ•muhs).

Erasmus wrote that human beings coulduse their reason to become better Christiansand thereby improve the Church. He stud-ied ancient Christian works for inspiration.

One of Erasmus’s goals was to translatethe Bible into the vernacular. He wanted afarmer working in the fields to be able to stopand read the Bible. Erasmus also believedthat it was important for people to be good intheir everyday lives. It was not enough toparticipate in religious activities, like going to

church on Sunday. Erasmus was also criticalof people who did whatever they could,good or bad, just to make money. He evencriticized members of the clergy who hadpersonal ambitions of earning money.

The Church Upsets Reformers By the1300s, many people believed the Church hadproblems. It taxed people heavily, and somebishops behaved like they were kings. Theybuilt palaces, spent money on fine art, andmade sure that their relatives had good jobs.In many villages, priests could barely read orgive a good sermon.

Many Catholics became angry at theChurch’s focus on money. One Churchpractice that especially angered them wasthe selling of indulgences. An indulgence(ihn • DUHL • juhns) reduced the Church’spunishment for a sin. The Church hadgiven out indulgences before, but it did not

Desiderius Erasmus, the most famous Christianhumanist, criticized the wealth and power ofCatholic leaders. What change did Erasmuswant to make to the Bible?

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 3/15/06 2:13 PM Page 423

usually sell them. In the 1500s, however, thepope needed money to repair the church ofSt. Peter’s in Rome. To obtain the money, hesold indulgences for the project.

The sale of indulgences outraged MartinLuther. He was also angry at Church leaderswho allowed people to think an indulgencewas a pardon for sin. The idea of sellingGod’s forgiveness seemed unholy to him.

Martin Luther was not the first personto contradict the pope. As early as the1370s, an English priest named JohnWycliffe (WIH • KLIHF) had preached thatChristians needed only to recognize JesusChrist as a power above them, not the pope.

Wycliffe and Luther both challenged thepope’s power, but they had something elsein common—their respect for the Bible.Wycliffe wanted everyone to read the Bible.He thought that studying it directly would

enable people to better under-stand how they should live theirlives, so he translated many pas-sages into English for his follow-ers to use. After Wycliffe died, hisfollowers finished translating theBible, creating the first Englishedition. Their work influencedpreachers and religious teachingthroughout England.

The Englishman WilliamTyndale (TIHN•duhl) also believedpeople needed an English transla-tion of the Bible. Unlike Wycliffeand his followers, who had usedLatin sources, Tyndale used theancient Hebrew and Greek textsfor his translation. He beganprinting his English edition of theNew Testament in 1525.

Tyndale also wrote severalworks in defense of the Refor-mation. Because of this, he wasexecuted in 1536 for heresy. Even

though he had been labeled a heretic, histranslation was considered to be of highvalue. It later became the basis for otherEnglish translations. The most famous is theAuthorized King James Version of the Biblepublished in 1611, still in common use today.

Who Was Martin Luther? Martin Lutherbecame one of the most famous men in his-tory. His break with the Catholic Church ledto a revolution in Christianity. Why would areligious man disagree with his faith? First ofall, Luther was angered by the conduct ofChurch leaders. Secondly, he was worriedabout his own soul.

When Luther went to Rome on a pil-grimage, he was shocked at the behavior ofthe Roman clergy. Back home in Germany,he taught at a university in the town ofWittenberg (WIH • tuhn • BUHRG). He worried


This painting shows indulgences being sold in a village marketplace.Why was the Church selling indulgences?

Indulgence box

akg-

imag

es

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 3/15/06 2:20 PM Page 424

about the Church’s problems and alsoabout his own soul. With the plague killingpeople all around him, it is not surprisingthat Luther worried about whether hewould go to heaven when he died.

The Church said that Luther would goto heaven if he had faith in God andshowed it by doing good works and receiv-ing the sacraments. Still Luther worriedthat this was not true. He prayed and fastedas he searched for answers to his questions.He prayed so long that sometimes he fellunconscious on the cold church floor.

Luther found his answers by studyingthe Bible. He concluded that only faith, notgood works, brought salvation. He believedthat salvation was a gift from God, notsomething earned by doing good works.

In 1517, when the Church began sellingindulgences, Luther was astonished. Howcould the Church tell peasants that buyingan indulgence would save them? Heangrily prepared a list of 95 argumentsagainst indulgences and sent them to hisbishop. Some accounts say that Luther alsonailed them to the door of WittenbergCathedral for everyone to read. The listbecame known as the Ninety-Five Theses.Thousands of copies were printed and readall across the German kingdoms.

Revolt Leads to New Churches At first theChurch did not take Luther very seriously.Soon, though, Church leaders saw thatLuther was dangerous. If people believedLuther, they would rely on the Bible, notpriests. Who would need priests if the sacra-ments were not needed to get to heaven?

The pope and Luther argued for severalyears, but Luther refused to change hisposition. Finally, the pope excommunicatedLuther. This meant Luther was no longer amember of the Church and could no longerreceive the sacraments.

Luther’s ideas soon led to the creation ofa new denomination (dih • NAH • muh • NAY •shuhn), or organized branch of Christianity.It was known as Lutheranism and was thefirst Protestant denomination.

Lutheranism has three main ideas. Thefirst is that faith in Jesus, not good works,brings salvation. The second is that theBible is the final source for truth about God, not a church or its priests. Finally,Lutheranism said that the church was madeup of all its believers, not just the clergy.

Peasant Revolts Luther’s debate with thepope was so famous that even peasants inthe countryside had heard about it. The life

Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 8—Student Web Activityto learn more about the Reformation.

CHAPTER 8 • The Reformation 425

Martin Luther began the Reformation whenhe made public his Ninety-Five Theses. Howdid the Catholic Church react to Luther’sactions?

Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy/M. Magliari/Bridgeman Art Library, London/SuperStock

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 3/15/06 2:28 PM Page 425


of a peasant had always been hard, but inthe 1520s, it was terrible. The crops hadbeen poor for several years. On top of that,noble landowners increased the taxes thatpeasants had to pay.

Because of their suffering, Luther’sideas stirred the peasants to revolt. IfLuther had a right to rebel against an unjustpope, then the peasants must have a right tostand up to greedy nobles. Like Luther, theybased their ideas on the Bible. One leadersaid the peasants would no longer work forthe nobles, “unless it should be shown usfrom the Gospel that we are serfs.”

When the nobles did not give in, hugerevolts broke out. It was not long, however,before the peasants were defeated. Thenobles had better weapons and horses andwon easily, killing thousands of peasants.

Luther sympathized with the peasants,but hated the violence. In his sermonsLuther criticized nobles for their treatmentof the peasants, but he stressed to the peas-ants that God had set the government abovethem and they must obey it.

Cause and Effect Whatwas the result of the Church’s decision to sellindulgences in 1517?


The Anabaptists, Amish, and Mennonites

Today most Amish andMennonite groups are located in

Pennsylvania, Ohio, and a few otherstates. They emphasize the value of

community. Old Order Amish reject moderntechnology, such as electricity, cars, and

television. What, if anything, might prompt youto give up a modern lifestyle?

One Protestant group that formed duringthe Reformation was called the Brethren. Otherscalled them Anabaptists, which means “tobaptize again.” They believed that adultsshould be baptized. The Mennonites andthe Amish, many of whom came to theUnited States, developed from theAnabaptists.

A Mennonite couple in the 1600s

The Amish today

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 3/15/06 2:34 PM Page 426

MARTIN LUTHER1483–1546Long before Martin Luther struggled with the Catholic

Church, he faced difficult issues. Luther was born in Eisleben,Germany, in 1483 to a family of miners. Both his parentsbeat Luther as a child. Luther later said his father’s beatingscaused him to feel bitter and hateful toward his family.

To avoid his abusive home life, Luther went to schoolsaway from home. At his father’s urging, he consideredstudying law but instead earned a Bachelor of Artsdegree in philosophy in 1502.

Later, Luther entered a monastery to separatehimself from his abusive past. In 1505 he traveled toErfurt and became a monk. He then went to Wittenbergin 1508 and stayed with a group of Augustinians. Therehe continued his study of theology.

Luther was a determined young man. Although hewas a priest, he began to question the practices of theCatholic Church. His reforms resulted in a break withthe Church. In 1525 he married a former nun namedKatharine von Bora. They had six children and lived in a former monastery.

Although known for his hot temper—whichcost him many friendships—Luther and hiswife cared for as many as 20 orphans whoseparents died from the plague. In his later years,Luther enjoyed gardening and music, andcontinued his lifelong love of writing. He died in1546, probably of a heart attack.

427

Martin Luther was willing to stand up for hisbeliefs, even if that meant offending people.Can you think of anyone in the news who hasshown that same willingness?

WH7.9.2 Describe the theological,political, and economic ideas of the majorfigures during the Reformation (e.g.,Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, JohnCalvin, William Tyndale).

Wittenberg today

“He who gives to a poorman, or lends to a needyman, does better than if he bought pardons.”

—Martin Luther, “The Ninety-five Theses (1517)”

Martin Luther

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 7/11/05 11:32 PM Page 427


WH7.9.4 Identify and locate the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how thedivision affected the distribution of religions in the New World.

Politics and LutheranismPolitical leaders often supported

Protestantism because they wanted more power.

Reading Connection Under the U.S. Constitution,the government cannot favor any one religion. Read tolearn what happened during the Reformation whenkings decided what faith people had to follow.

In the past, there had been thinkers whochallenged Catholic beliefs, but the Churchalways remained in control. In the 1500s,however, changes occurred that allowed

Protestantism to take hold. Protestantismsucceeded in part because some of Europe’skings realized they could increase theirpower by supporting Lutheranism againstthe Catholic Church.

You read earlier about the Holy RomanEmpire, which covered much of centralEurope. The heart of the empire was madeup of about 300 small German kingdoms. In1519 Charles V became the Holy RomanEmperor. His empire included the lands ofthe Holy Roman Empire, as well as all ofSpain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, andterritories in the Americas.

The Reformation created challenges forCharles V. His chief political rival wasFrancis I, the king of France. Francis I, likeCharles V, worked energetically to stop thegrowth of Protestantism. However, he alsofought many wars with the Holy RomanEmpire. This drained his finances and mili-tary resources.

Charles V also faced trouble from therulers in his own realm. The local rulers andnobles of the Holy Roman Empire wereconcerned about Charles V’s power. Theydid not want a strong central ruler. Theywanted to rule their own small kingdomswith as little interference as possible.

Many German rulers became Lutheransfor religious and political reasons. By doingso, their kingdom became Lutheran. Afterbreaking with the Catholic Church, theserulers seized lands owned by Catholicmonasteries in their kingdoms. Now they,not the Church, benefited from the incomeearned from those lands.

At the same time, when the CatholicChurch left a kingdom, it meant the king-dom no longer paid taxes to the Church.Rulers could impose their own church taxesand keep the money for themselves. Thismade rulers who became Protestantsstronger and the Church weaker.


N

S

WE

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection300 km0

300 mi.0

40°N

20°E

0°

20°W

0°

ATLANTICOCEAN

Mediterranean Sea

NorthSea

HUNGARY

TEUTONICORDER

POLAND

V E NI C E

ENGLAND

SCOTLAND

IRELAND DENMARK

NORWAY

FRANCE

SPAIN

POR

TUG

AL

OTTOMANEMPIRE

NAPLES

SwissConfed.

SavoyGenoaFlorence

Milan

Austria

Bohemia

PapalStates

Nether

land

s

Holy Roman Empire 1520

1. Location What were some of the areasthat made up the Holy Roman Empire?

2. Movement Why might it have beendifficult for one ruler to control the HolyRoman Empire?

Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

Holy Roman EmpireKEY

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 7/11/05 11:33 PM Page 428

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps


This challenged the power of the popein Rome. The pope did what he could tostop Lutheranism in Germany. However,Charles V ruled a great deal of Italy, and thepope considered him a threat as well.Because of this, the pope supported FrancisI of France over Charles V. The emperorattacked Rome to show his authority. AsCharles V strengthened his hold on Italy,the papacy’s power eroded.

Charles V eventually went to war withthe German rulers who converted toLutheranism, but he was unable to defeatthem. In 1555 the fighting ended with thePeace of Augsburg. This agreement let eachGerman ruler decide whether his kingdomwould be Lutheran or Catholic. As a resultmost of northern Germany becameProtestant, while the south stayed Catholic.

Explain Why did manyGerman princes support Martin Luther’s ideas?

Reading SummaryReview the • Many Christians, including Martin

Luther, believed the CatholicChurch was becoming corrupt.This led people to leave theChurch and create new Christianchurches.

• Many European rulers and noblessupported Luther’s reforms forpolitical as well as religious reasons.

1. What were indulgences, andwhy did they become contro-versial?

2. What were the Ninety-FiveTheses?

Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information

Draw a diagram like the onebelow to list the three mainideas of Lutheranism.

4. How did Erasmususe humanism to shapeChristian ideas? How did he usereligious works to spread theideas of humanism?

5. Explain How did the CatholicChurch lose power in Europe?Why?

6. Analyze How did Germany’speasants react to Luther’s teach-ings, and what was Luther’sresponse?

7. IdentifyingCause and Effect Whatmajor ideas or events influ-enced Martin Luther’s view ofthe Catholic Church? How didhis ideas change the Church?

CA 7RC2.3

CA HI2.

CA 7RC2.3

CA HI2.

CA 7RC2.0

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understanding thebeginning of the Reformation? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

Lutheranism


This painting by Titian shows the EmperorCharles V riding into battle in Germany. Whatagreement did Charles make to end the fightingwith German rulers?

422-429 CH8 S1-868876 7/11/05 11:38 PM Page 429


Leader Impact

The ReformationSpreads


Looking Back, Looking AheadAs you have learned, Martin

Luther’s ideas contributed to the riseof Protestantism. In this section, youwill learn about the ideas of JohnCalvin as well as how theReformation changed England.

Focusing on the • John Calvin’s Protestant teachings

spread across Europe and into NorthAmerica. (page 431)

• Henry VIII created the Anglican Churchin England. (page 432)

Locating PlacesGeneva (juh•NEE•vuh)London (LUHN•duhn)

Meeting PeopleJohn Calvin

Henry VIII

Mary I

Elizabeth I

Content Vocabularytheology (thee•AH• luh• jee)predestination (pree•DEHS•tuh•

NAY•shuhn)annul (uh•NUHL)

Academic Vocabularyclarify (KLAR•uh•FY)consent (kuhn•SEHNT)

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Complete atable to show the major impact of rulerson the English Reformation.

c. 1534Henry VIII sets up the Church

of England

c. 1536Calvin publishesInstitutes of theChristian Religion

c. 1555Mary I persecutesProtestants inEngland

1520 1540 15601520 1540 1560


Ruler Impact

430-434 CH8 S2-868876 1/17/05 12:36 AM Page 430


WH7.9.3 Explain Protestants’ new practices of church self-government and the influence of those practices on the development of democratic practices and ideas of federalism.

Calvin and CalvinismJohn Calvin’s Protestant teachings

spread across Europe and into North America.

Reading Connection Are there some things you aresure are true? Read to learn how some Protestantsdeveloped a faith where everyone agreed that somepeople were going to heaven and others were not.

Who Was John Calvin? John Calvin wasborn in France in the early 1500s. When hewas old enough, he went to Paris to studytheology (thee•AH• luh• jee). Theology is thestudy of questions about God.

Although Calvin lived in France, hebegan to hear about the ideas of MartinLuther. Secretly, Calvin began to read aboutLuther at his college. The more Calvin read,the more he was convinced by Luther’snew perspective on religion.

Eventually, Calvin left Paris because itbecame too dangerous to talk aboutLutheranism. Once he dared to return to hishometown, but he was arrested and spentmonths in a damp jail. Calvin finally found safety in Geneva ( juh • NEE • vuh),Switzerland, a Protestant city. There hispowerful preaching convinced many peo-ple to follow him.

What Is Calvinism? In 1536 Calvin pub-lished a book called Institutes of the ChristianReligion. This book describes Calvin’s ideas.It became very influential among Protestants.Calvinism became the basis of manyProtestant churches, including the churchesof Puritans and Presbyterians in Englandand Scotland.

Calvin’s main idea was that God’s willis absolute and decides everything in theworld in advance. God has decided whowill go to heaven and who will not. Thisbelief is called predestination (pree • DEHS •tuh • NAY • shuhn), meaning that no matter

what people do, the outcome of their life isalready planned.

Most Calvinists decided that they wereprobably among the saved. To prove it, theyworked hard, behaved well, and obeyed thelaws of their towns. In this way, Calvinismhelped promote a stable society.

Another important idea of Calvinism isthat neither kings nor bishops should con-trol the Church. Calvinists believed thatcongregations should choose their own eld-ers and ministers to run the church.

This innovative idea had a strongimpact on England and on many of theEnglish settlers in America. The idea that acongregation could choose its own leaders

Knowledge of God

John Calvin’s writings helped Europeansaccept Protestantism.“What help is it . . . to knowa God with whom we havenothing to do? Rather, ourknowledge should serve firstto teach us fear and rever-ence [respect]; secondly,with it as our guide andteacher, we should learn toseek every good from him,and having received it, tocredit it to his account. . . .Again, you cannot beholdhim clearly unless youacknowledge him to be thefountainhead [source of life]and source of every good.”

—John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion

According to Calvin, what is needed forbelievers to understand God clearly?

John Calvin


430-434 CH8 S2-868876 1/17/05 12:46 AM Page 431

WH7.9.2 Describe the theological, political, and economic ideas of the major figures during the Reformation (e.g., Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William Tyndale). WH7.9.3 Explain Protestants’ new practices of church self-government and the influence of those practices on the development of democratic practices and ideas of federalism. WH7.9.4 Identify and locate the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how the division affected the distribution of religions in the New World.

helped build support for the idea that peopleshould elect their political leaders.

In the colonies, this developed into animportant democratic principle. When theFounders of the United States wrote theDeclaration of Independence, they usedthese ideas, in part, to clarify their argu-ments. For instance, they stated that peopleare governed by consent and have the rightto choose their own leaders.

This principle also developed into theidea of federalism, or the idea that powershould be divided between local govern-ments and a central government. This ideacan be traced, in part, to the idea that localchurches can manage their own affairswhile belonging to a larger organization.

Compare How did Calvin’sideas differ from those of Luther?

The English ReformationHenry VIII created the Anglican Church

in England.

Reading Connection You have probably heard aboutthe Pilgrims. Do you know why they left England tocome here? Read to learn why some Protestants leftEngland for America during the Reformation.

In the history of England, no king is morefamous than Henry VIII. He ruled Englandfrom 1509 to 1547. Henry married six queens,of which two were divorced and two werebeheaded. He imprisoned bishops and noblesin the Tower of London (LUHN•duhn) for dis-agreeing with him. Eventually, they were allbeheaded. One reason Henry VIII is England’smost famous king is because his decisionsbrought the Reformation to England.

Moat

Traitor’s Gate

Bloody Tower

Chapel of St. Peter

White Tower

Bowyer Tower

11

22

33

44

55

66

11

22

33

44

55

66

The Tower of London was built in 1078. During the Middle Ages, it was used as a royalresidence. At the time of Henry VIII, many people were jailed and executed in the BloodyTower and buried in the Chapel of St. Peter. Today, the Tower of London houses theBritish royal family’s crown jewels. Why did Henry VIII imprison many people in theTower of London?

Henry VIII

The Tower of LondonThe Tower of London

akg-

imag

es

430-434 CH8 S2-868876 7/21/05 8:30 AM Page 432

Henry VIII Starts His Own Church Henrywas a member of the Tudor family. In the1400s, before the Tudors came to the throne,England’s nobles had fought over whoshould be king. Henry was determined tokeep the Tudors on the throne.

To do this he needed a son to succeed him,but Henry had no son. His wife Catherinehad given birth to one surviving daughter.Henry asked the pope to annul (uh•NUHL),or cancel, his marriage to Catherine.

An annulment is not the same as adivorce. If the pope annulled the marriage,it would be as if the marriage had neverhappened. It would mean that Henry couldfind a new wife to give birth to sons. Thosesons would be heirs to the throne, not thedaughter Catherine had given him.

Popes had annulled marriages before,but this time the pope refused. Catherinewas the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabellaof Spain. Spain was the strongest Catholickingdom at that time, and the pope did notwant to make Catherine’s family angry.

Henry decided to have the archbishopof Canterbury—the highest bishop inEngland—annul the marriage. In response,the pope excommunicated Henry from theChurch. Henry fought back. In 1534 he hadParliament pass the Act of Supremacy. Thisact declared the king, not the pope, to be thehead of the Church in England.

Henry ordered all the priests and bish-ops in England to accept him as the newhead of their church. Some refused andwere killed. The most famous was SirThomas More, who was executed in 1535.Henry then seized the Catholic Church’sland in England and gave portions of it tohis nobles. This kept the nobles loyal. Ifthey ever let the Catholic Church regainpower in England, they would have to giveup their land.

Who Was Bloody Mary? The Church ofEngland came to be known as the AnglicanChurch. It kept most of the rituals and sacra-ments of the Catholic Church. However,many English Catholics did not want toabandon Catholicism. They backed Henryand Catherine’s daughter Mary when shebecame Queen Mary I in 1553. Mary hadbeen raised Catholic and wanted to makeEngland a Catholic kingdom again.

Mary restored the Catholic Church inEngland in 1555 and arrested Protestantswho opposed her. In her struggle to makeEngland Catholic again, Mary burned 300people at the stake. The English were horri-fied and called her “Bloody Mary.”

Mary ruled about five years, then died.Her half-sister Elizabeth took over thethrone, becoming Queen Elizabeth I.Elizabeth was a Protestant. She restored the


Mary I (above)attempted to restorethe Catholic religion in England, and shemarried Philip II(right), the Catholicking of Spain. Whywas Mary I known as“Bloody Mary”?

Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy/M. Magliari/Bridgeman Art Library, London/SuperStock

430-434 CH8 S2-868876 7/11/05 11:42 PM Page 433

Anglican Church and went on to becomeone of the greatest rulers in English history.

How Did Calvinism Affect England?Although the Catholics were defeated, thereligious tensions continued. By the late1500s, the ideas of John Calvin had reachedEngland. Many educated people readCalvin’s works and became convinced thathe was right. They began to demand that theAnglican Church give up its Catholic ways ofdoing things. These reformers becameknown as Puritans because they wanted topurify the Anglican Church of Catholic ideas.

Puritans began to form their own con-gregations. These congregations were inde-pendent. They made their own decisionsabout what their congregations should andshould not do. They did not report to abishop of the Anglican Church, and theychose their own ministers.

Queen Elizabeth I tolerated thePuritans, but when James I became king in1603, the Puritans faced harder times. Theking headed the Anglican Church andappointed its leaders. The leaders, in turn,chose the priests for the congregations.James believed that by choosing their ownministers, the Puritans were challenging theking’s power.

James I and the king who came afterhim, Charles I, persecuted the Puritans.They shut down Puritan churches andjailed Puritan leaders. Many Puritansdecided to move to America to practicetheir religion freely. There they foundedcolonies that eventually became the statesof Massachusetts, Connecticut, NewHampshire, and Rhode Island.

Cause and Effect Why didHenry VIII create the Anglican Church?


Reading SummaryReview the • John Calvin created new

Protestant teachings that spreadacross Europe and into NorthAmerica.

• The Anglican Church began inEngland due to a reformation ledby Henry VIII.

1. What were John Calvin’s basicbeliefs about God’s will?

2. What prompted Henry VIII tocreate his own church?


Create a chart like the onebelow showing England’s rulersduring the Reformation andtheir religious policies.

4. Comparing How did Calvin’sideas differ from those ofMartin Luther?

5. Write a shortessay comparing how QueenElizabeth I and James I dealtwith the Puritans. Which leaderdo you think made Englandstronger? Why?

6. Determining Cause andEffect How did people react tothe idea of predestination? Howdid people who believed in theidea behave?

7. UnderstandingChanges Write an essayexplaining how Henry VIII andCalvinism changed religion andpolitics in England.

CA CS1.; HI2.

CA 7RC2.3

CA 7RC2.3

CA 7RC2.0

CA CS2.

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understandingCalvinism or the English Reformation? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

HenryVIII

CharlesI▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

430-434 CH8 S2-868876 7/11/05 11:46 PM Page 434


The Counter-Reformation

Looking Back, Looking AheadIn the last two sections, you

learned about the rise ofProtestantism. In this section, you willread about the Catholic Church’sattempts at reform and the strugglebetween Europe’s Protestants andCatholics.

Focusing on the • Catholics and Protestants fought

religious wars across Europe.(page 436)

• During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the power of kingsincreased. At the same time, Catholickingdoms began sending missionariesoverseas to convert people toChristianity. (page 440)

Locating PlacesTrent

Navarre (nuh•VAHR)Paris

Meeting PeopleIgnatius of Loyola (ihg•NAY•shuhs

loy•OH• luh)Huguenot (HYOO•guh•NAHT)King Ferdinand

Queen Isabella

Maimonides (my•MAH•nuh•DEEZ)Francis Xavier (ZAYV•yuhr)

Content Vocabularyseminary (SEH•muh•NEHR•ee)heresy (HEHR•uh•see)divine right

Academic Vocabularycontradict (KAHN•truh•DIHKT)impact (IHM•PAHKT)philosophy (fuh•LAH•suh• fee)eliminate (ih•LIH•muh•NAYT)

Reading Strategy Cause and Effect Create a diagram toshow the results of the CatholicChurch’s attempts at reform.


c. 1545Pope Paul IIIopens theCouncil of Trent

c. 1598Edict of Nantes allowsFrench Protestantsright to worship

c. 1648ThirtyYears’ Warends

1550 1600 16501550 1600 1650

Rome

TrentParis

London


Reform Result

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 1/17/05 10:28 PM Page 435

WH7.9.4 Identify and locate the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how thedivision affected the distribution of religions in the New World. WH7.9.5 Analyze how the Counter Reformation revitalized theCatholic church and the forces that fostered the movement (e.g., St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits, the Council of Trent).WH7.9.7 Describe the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and Muslims in medieval Spain that promoted creativity in art,literature, and science, including how that cooperation was terminated by the religious persecution of individuals and groups (e.g., the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492).

Counter-ReformationCatholics and Protestants fought reli-

gious wars across Europe.

Reading Connection Have you visited Protestantand Catholic churches? Could you see any differences?Read to learn the reasons for those differences.

In the 1500s and 1600s, the CatholicChurch set out to defeat Protestantism andconvince people to return to the Church.This effort came to be called the Counter-Reformation. As you learned earlier, theReformation also triggered a series ofbloody wars in Europe between Catholicand Protestant rulers. When the last warsended in 1648, most of Germanic Europebecame Protestant, while most of LatinEurope, or areas influenced by Roman cul-ture, remained Catholic.

The Church Tries to Reform Itself TheCatholic Church waged a war againstProtestantism, but it knew it needed toreform itself. Pope Paul III understood thisneed. After becoming pope, Paul estab-lished a church council at Trent, near Rome.The council held meetings for 20 years,from the 1540s to the 1560s.

The Council of Trent made Catholicbeliefs clear. It also set up strict policiesfor how bishops and priests shouldbehave. The Catholic clergy were told towork even harder at instructing people inthe faith. To train new priests, seminarieswere set up. A seminary (SEH • muh • NEHR •ee) is a special school for training priests.

In 1540 Pope Paul III took anotherimportant step. He recognized a new orderof priests, the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. Jesuits were the pope’s agents in Europe. They taught, preached, and also

fought heresy (HEHR •uh • see). A heresy is areligious belief that contradicts what theChurch says is true.

The Jesuits were founded by a Spanishsoldier, Ignatius of Loyola (ihg •NAY • shuhsloy •OH • luh). While recuperating from a bat-tle wound, Loyola read about Christiansaints who performed brave deeds todefend their faith. Ignatius decided hewould be a soldier for Jesus Christ.

The Religious Wars in France John Calvinwas originally from France, and manyFrench people became interested in hisideas. As Calvinism spread in France,French Protestants became known asHuguenots (HYOO •guh • NAHTZ).

Only about seven percent of the Frenchpeople became Protestants, but almost halfof France’s nobles did, including theBourbon family. The Bourbons were thesecond most powerful family in France.They ruled a kingdom in southern Francecalled Navarre (nuh •VAHR) and were also inline for the throne of France.

Many French nobles wanted to weakenthe king. The Huguenot nobles especiallywanted the king weak so they could prac-tice their religion freely. At the same time,France’s king, Henry II, wanted to build astrong central government.

Henry II died in 1559, and his sonFrancis II died the following year. Thismeant that Francis’s brother Charles, a 10-year-old boy, was now king. Since Charleswas too young to rule, his mother ran thegovernment for him. His mother wasCatherine de’ Medici (MEH • duh • CHEE)—thedaughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the power-ful Italian leader of Florence.

Catherine was determined to keep theFrench kingdom strong for her son. She


435-441 CH8 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:49 PM Page 436


believed the Huguenots were a threat to theking’s power and refused to compromisewith them. In 1562 a civil war that wouldlast more than 30 years began in Francebetween Protestants and Catholics.

In 1589 Henry of Navarre, the leader ofHuguenot forces and head of the Bourbonfamily, became King Henry IV of France.For the next few years, the war continuedbecause Catholic nobles would not accept aProtestant as king. Henry won most of hisbattles but was unable to capture Paris.

Henry IV then made a famous deal. Heknew most French people were Catholicand that they demanded a Catholic king. In1593 Henry agreed to become a Catholic sothe French people would accept him astheir king.

Henry IV did not forget his Huguenotfollowers, however. He issued an edict, ororder, while visiting the city of Nantes in1598. The Edict of Nantes said Catholicismwas France’s official religion, but it alsogave Huguenots the right to worship freely.

N

S

WE


300 mi.0

40°N

50°N

60°N 10°E

20°E 30°E

0°

10°W

20°E 30°E

40°E

ATLANTICOCEAN

NorthSea

Black Sea

Balt

icS

ea

M e d i t e r r a ne a

nS e a

HUNGARY

RUSSIA

POLAND

SWITZERLANDAUSTRIA

ENGLAND

SCOTLAND

IRELAND DENMARK

NORWAYS W E D E N

NETHERLANDSGERMANSTATES

ITALY

FRANCE

SPAIN

POR

TUG

AL

SPANISHNETHERLANDS BOHEMIA

BAVARIA

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Rome

ParisWorms

Geneva

Zurich

Trent

Augsburg

WittenbergCanterbury

Religions in Europe c. 1600

1. Location Which areas of Europe becamedominantly Calvinist?

2. Movement Where in Europe do you thinkreligious conflict might have taken place?

KEY

AnglicanCalvinistEastern OrthodoxChristianLutheranMuslimRoman CatholicMixture of Calvinist,Lutheran, andRoman Catholic

Dominant religion

CalvinistLutheranMuslimRoman Catholic

Minority religion

Nicholas Devore III/Photographers/Aspen/PictureQuest

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 1/17/05 1:40 AM Page 437

CATHERINE DE’ MEDICI1519–1589Catherine de’ Medici was an Italian woman who played an

important role in French history during the Reformation. She was born in Florence to Lorenzo de’ Medici and Madeleine de laTour d’ Auvergne. Catherine was orphaned as a baby and wasraised by relatives. At age 14, Catherine was married to Henry, aFrench prince. Catherine took Italian artists, musicians, writers,and dancers with her to the French court. She was never fullyaccepted in France, however, because she was Italian and was notfrom a royal family.

In 1547 Catherine’s husband became King Henry II. After he died in a jousting accident in 1559, their three oldest sons—Francis II,Charles IX, and Henry III—succeeded each other as king. Although Catherine was no longer queen, she still had much influence over her sons.

Catherine is blamed for many of the conflicts between FrenchCatholics and French Protestants, called Huguenots. In 1568 sheoutlawed freedom of worship. In 1572 Catherine arranged themurder of a Huguenot adviser. His death sparked the SaintBartholomew’s Massacre, which resulted in the deaths of about6,000 Huguenots. Catherine was not always opposed toHuguenots. In fact, she arranged the marriage of her daughterMargaret to Henry of Navarre, a former Protestant Huguenotwho became King Henry IV of France.

Views on Catherine’s accomplishments are mixed. Someblame her entirely for the French religious wars. Othersremember her efforts to protect her sons. Still others rememberher as a Renaissance woman because she supported the arts,added to the royal library, and sponsored a dance and theaterpageant that is considered to be the first ballet. Catherine died in1589 of pneumonia.

438

If Catherine de’ Medici were running forpolitical office today, do you think she wouldbe a popular candidate? Why or why not?

WH7.9.4 Identify and locate the Europeanregions that remained Catholic and those thatbecame Protestant and explain how the divisionaffected the distribution of religions in the NewWorld. WH7.9.5 Analyze how the CounterReformation revitalized the Catholic church and theforces that fostered the movement (e.g., St. Ignatiusof Loyola and the Jesuits, the Council of Trent).

Catherine de’ Medici

“God and the worldwill have reasonto be satisfiedwith me.”

—Catherine de’ Medici,

Biography of a Family

(l)Private Collection, Paul Freeman/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Keren Su/CORBIS

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 1/17/05 1:44 AM Page 438

What Was the Thirty Years’ War? Theworst religious war of the Reformation erawas fought in the Holy Roman Empire inthe 1600s. The war began in Bohemia, todayknown as the Czech Republic, whenProtestant nobles rebelled against theirCatholic king.

The war lasted 30 years, from 1618 to1648, and quickly became a war of king-doms. France, Sweden, Denmark, England,and the Netherlands sent troops to help theProtestants, while Spain and the HolyRoman Empire backed the Catholics. Thewar weakened Spain and helped makeFrance one of Europe’s most powerful countries.

The Reformation in Spain The ideas ofLuther and Calvin never became very pop-ular in Spain. Still, when Protestants beganfighting in Europe, it had a dramatic impacton Spain. Spanish rulers became suspiciousof Protestant countries and of anyone inSpain who was not Catholic.

When the Reformation began, Spain wasstill a young nation. It had been founded in1469 when King Ferdinand and QueenIsabella married and joined their two king-doms. These monarchs wanted a strongnation. They felt that all their subjectsshould be Catholic, because that wouldkeep the people loyal and united.

When Ferdinand and Isabella began torule, many Muslims still lived in Spain. Asyou read in earlier chapters, Muslims ruledSpain from about A.D. 700 to 1200. TheMuslims had made non-Muslims pay spe-cial taxes and limited their rights, but theydid not seek to kill or expel nonbelievers.Jews, for example, found life in MuslimSpain better than other places in Europewhere they had been persecuted.

Muslim Spain during the Middle Ageswas a golden age for both Muslim and

Jewish thinkers, poets, artists, and scientists.A doctor and lawyer named Averroës, or IbnRushd, helped advance scientific and med-ical knowledge. He also wrote commen-taries on Aristotle.

The Muslims built universities andencouraged learning. They studied theancient Greek and Roman texts on natureand added to them. They expandedEuropean knowledge of the medicinal prop-erties of plants and medicine in general.They also studied geography and devel-oped one of the first maps for sea travel.Technological advancements included wind-mills and the manufacturing of paper.

The most famous Jewish scholar in Spainwas Maimonides (my • MAH • nuh • DEEZ).Maimonides wrote books on religion, medi-cine, and law. His books on Jewish oral lawearned him great respect.

Jewish poets in Spain include Solomonibn Gabirol. He wrote poems about love,nature, and religion. Ibn Gabirol’s religiouspoetry is used in some Jewish ceremonies.


This photo shows the Alhambra, a Muslim palace and fortress in Granada,Spain. What happened to Spanish Muslims after Ferdinand and Isabella took power?

Maimonides

(l)T. Iwamiya/Photo Researchers, (r)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY

(t)M

ary

Eva

ns P

ictu

re L

ibra

ry,

(b)P

rivat

e C

olle

ctio

n/B

ridge

man

Art

Lib

rary

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:49 PM Page 439

WH7.9.4 Identify and locate the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how thedivision affected the distribution of religions in the New World.

WH7.9.6 Understand the institution and impact of missionaries on Christianity and the diffusion of Christianity from Europe to other parts of the world in the medieval and early modern periods; locate missions on a world map.

Legacy of the ReformationDuring the Reformation and Counter-

Reformation, the power of kings increased. At the

same time, Catholic kingdoms began sending mis-

sionaries overseas to convert people to Christianity.

Reading Connection Do you think spreading democ-racy is important? Read to learn how Catholic mission-aries tried to spread their religion to other people in theworld.

The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation had an intense impact on theworld. In Europe, the political and economicpower of the Catholic Church was greatlydiminished. At the same time, kings contin-ued to gain greater power and authority.

Kings also solidified their power amongtheir own nobles. Kings began to claim thatthey ruled by divine right. This meant thattheir authority was granted to them directly

His books of philosophy influenced manyEuropean philosophers.

In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella orderedall Jews and Muslims to convert toCatholicism or leave the country. To ensurereligious unity, they also set up the SpanishInquisition to investigate people’s beliefs. Asimilar inquisition was established inPortugal by King John III in 1536.

The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitionswere Catholic courts, similar to the one theCatholic Church had set up in Europe toinvestigate heresy. These inquisitions weremuch crueler. Charges of heresy were madejust to eliminate enemies. Horrible tortureswere invented to force confessions of guilt.The head of the Spanish Inquisition, Tomásde Torquemada (TAWR • kuh • MAH • duh),executed some 2,000 Spaniards.

Identify What deal earnedHenry of Navarre the French throne?

N

S

W E

Mercator projection2,000 km0

2,000 mi.0

1 8

9

23

456

7

1110

1213

14

15

60°W 60°E 120°E 180°120°W 0°

0°

60°S

EQUATOR

ATLANTICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ASIA

AFRICA

EUROPE

AUSTRALIA

SOUTHAMERICA

NORTHAMERICA

Christian Missionaries c. 1500–1800

1 234567

1500 Franciscans enter Brazil1510 Dominicans begin work in Haiti1526 Franciscans enter Florida1533 First Christian missionaries arrive in Vietnam1542 Francis Xavier goes to Goa, India1553 Portuguese missionaries build a church in Malaysia1555 John Calvin sends Huguenots to Brazil1577 Dominicans reach Mozambique8

910

1211

131415

1582 Jesuits begin mission work in China1601 Matteo Ricci goes to China1605 Jesuit missionary, Roberto de Nobili, goes to India1670 Jesuits establish missions in Venezuela1752 First Anglican missionary arrives in Ghana1769 Junípero Serra starts Franciscan mission in San Diego1799 London Missionary Society arrives in South Africa

KEY

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 1/17/05 1:49 AM Page 440


from God, not through the papacy. This ideawas particularly influential in France underthe reign of Louis XIV.

When the Counter-Reformation began,many Catholics were committed to spread-ing their faith. As part of this new energy anddetermination, Catholic kingdoms begansending missionaries overseas to theAmericas and Asia. French and SpanishJesuits were among the most active mission-aries in the 1500s and 1600s.

The first Jesuit missionary to Japan,Francis Xavier (ZAYV•yuhr), arrived in 1549.The Japanese at first welcomed the Jesuits. By1600, the Jesuits had converted thousands ofJapanese to Christianity.

Eventually, however, the Jesuits lost favorin Japan. They clashed with people whobelieved in Buddhism and Shintoism. TheJapanese shogun, or military ruler, bannedChristianity in Japan and expelled all mis-sionaries.

Spanish missionaries had much greatersuccess in the Philippine Islands. Most of thepeople there eventually became Catholic.Today the Philippines is the only Asian coun-try with a Catholic majority. French missionar-ies tried to convert the people of Vietnam butwere expelled by Vietnam’s emperor.

The spread of the Catholic faith alsoshows another result of the Reformation.European nations had divided. Some sup-ported Protestantism, others Catholicism.This division was spread to the worldthrough each nation’s missionary efforts.

In the Americas, for example, Catholicmissionaries had great success in Central andSouth America. These areas remain heavilyCatholic today. Meanwhile, Puritans andother Protestants settled colonies in NorthAmerica.

Identify In what parts ofthe world did Catholic missionaries teach?

Reading SummaryReview the • Across Europe, religious wars

between Catholics andProtestants were fought in the1500s and 1600s while theSpanish monarchs tried to makeSpain an exclusively Catholiccountry.

• The power of kings grew whileCatholic missionaries tried tospread their religion to Asia andAmerica.

1. What was the Council of Trent,and what did it accomplish?

2. Why was the Edict of Nantesimportant?


Draw a chart like the onebelow. Fill in details listingways the Catholic Church triedto counter the Reformation.

4. Analyze How did theReformation affect the worldoutside of Europe?

5. How did the reli-gious wars and conflicts affectFrance and Spain?

6. Explain How were Muslimsand Jews treated in Spain dur-ing the golden age? How werethey treated after Catholicstook control?

7. Writing Summaries Write ashort essay summarizing thehistory of Catholicism in Spainfrom the 1400s to the 1600s.

CA 7WA2.5

CA HI2.

CA 7RC2.2

CA HI2.

CA 7RC2.0

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understanding theCounter-Reformation? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.comand click on Study Central.

Church’sPolicies

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

435-441 CH8 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:50 PM Page 441


Martin Luther’s

Ninety-Five Theses

In his Ninety-Five Theses, Martin Lutherprotested against many practices of the popeand the Catholic Church. These were printedand circulated throughout Europe.

5. The Pope has neither the will nor thepower to remit any penalties exceptthose which he has imposed by hisown authority, or by that of the canons.

6. The Pope has no power to remit anyguilt, except by declaring and warrant-ing it to have been remitted by God; orat most by remitting cases reserved forhimself; in which cases, if his power

were [disregarded], guilt would cer-tainly remain. . . .

21. Thus those preachers of indulgencesare in error who say that by the indul-gences of the Pope a man is freed andsaved from all punishment. . . .

32. Those who believe that, through lettersof pardon, they are made sure of theirown salvation will be eternally damnedalong with their teachers.

37. Every true Christian, whether living ordead, has a share in all the benefits ofChrist and of the Church, . . . evenwithout letters of pardon.

45. Christians should be taught that hewho sees any one in need, and, passinghim by, gives money for pardons, is notpurchasing for himself the indulgencesof the Pope but the anger of God. . . .

—Martin Luther, “The Ninety-five Theses”

A Church DividedDuring the Reformation, Martin Luther separated from the

Catholic Church. He believed that the Bible was the ultimatesource of truth, and that faith did not require works to be saved.John Calvin took Luther’s ideas even further. He believed inpredestination. However, many people remained faithful to theCatholic Church and actively preached the Catholic message.These events led to a period of spiritual and political turmoil.

Read the passages on pages 442 and 443, and answer thequestions that follow.

remit: release from guiltcanons (KA•nuhns): traditionsletters of pardon: the granting of an

indulgence

preordain: determine in advanceimmutable: unchangeablebridegroom: a man about to be or just

married

Reader’s Dictionary


Martin Lutherat Wittenbergcathedral

WH7.9.2 Describe the theological,political, and economic ideas of themajor figures during theReformation (e.g., DesideriusErasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin,William Tyndale).

442-445 Ch8 CA-868876 1/17/05 2:06 AM Page 442

Calvin and Predestination

While Luther preached the importance of faith,John Calvin believed that both Luther and theCatholic Church were incorrect about who couldbe saved. The following passage by Calvindescribes some of his doctrines.

By predestination we mean the eternaldecree of God, by which he determined withhimself whatever he wished to happen withregard to every man. All are not created onequal terms, but some are preordained to eter-nal life, others to eternal damnation. . . .

We say, then, that Scripture clearly provesthis much, that God by his eternal andimmutable counsel determined once for allthose whom it was his pleasure one day toadmit to salvation, and those whom, on theother hand, it was his pleasure to doom todestruction. We maintain that this counsel, asregards the elect, is founded on his free mercy,without any respect to human worth, whilethose whom he dooms to destruction areexcluded from access to life by a just andblameless . . . judgment.

—John Calvin, “Predestination:Institutes of the Christian Religion”

Saint Ignatius of Loyola

In order to fight Protestantism, the CatholicIgnatius Loyola founded a new religious order. Heinsisted on certain principles:

First Rule. Thefirst: All judgmentlaid aside, weought to have ourmind ready andprompt to obey, inall, the true Spouseof Christ our Lord,which is our holyMother the ChurchHierarchical[Roman Catholic].

Thirteenth Rule.To be right ineverything, weought always tohold that the white which I see, is black, if theHierarchical Church so decides it, believingthat between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom,and the Church, His Bride, there is the sameSpirit which governs and directs us for the sal-vation of our souls.

—St. Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises

Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses

1. The pope eventually excommunicated MartinLuther. Use the theses presented here toexplain why you think this happened.

2. What does Luther say is a use for money thatwill please God?

Calvin and Predestination

3. According to Calvin, how much does anindividual’s worth influence whether or nothe or she is saved?

4. Calvin used the term “predestination” todescribe the teachings in this primary source.Based on what you have read, define“predestination.”

Saint Ignatius of Loyola

5. What does Saint Ignatius compare the RomanCatholic Church and Jesus Christ to? Explain.

6. What reason does Saint Ignatius give for hisbelief that Catholics should obey the Churchcompletely?

Read to Write7. Suppose that you are an artist of the

Reformation and you have beencommissioned by Saint Ignatius to portray hisvision of a good church. In addition, Lutherand Calvin have asked you to create paintingsthat depict the beliefs of Lutheranism andCalvinism. Write a description of what yourpaintings would look like. CA HR4.


St. Ignatius of Loyola

442-445 Ch8 CA-868876 1/17/05 2:08 AM Page 443

Standard WH7.9

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.14. Identify Which religious group was most

predominant in England? 15. Location Where are the Calvinists

located? 16. Movement Which group is located in

England, Scotland, and Ireland? CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA CS3.

Review Content VocabularyWrite the vocabulary word that completes eachsentence. Write a sentence for each unused word.

a. indulgence d. predestinationb. denomination e. seminaryc. theology f. heresy

___ 1. Lutheranism is a(n) ____ of Christianity.___ 2. ______ is the belief that God decides

who goes to heaven before they are born.___ 3. In the 1500s, Catholics could buy a(n)

____ to reduce the penalty for a sin.___ 4. The Jesuits fought against ____.

Review the Section 1 • The Reformation Begins

5. What happened when Martin Luther triedto reform the Catholic Church?

6. How did some political leaders try tostrengthen their power?

Section 2 • The Reformation Spreads7. How were John Calvin’s religious ideas

spread to North America?8. Why did Henry VIII separate himself and

England from the Catholic Church?Section 3 • The Counter-Reformation

9. Where did major religious conflicts occurbetween Catholics and Protestants?

10. How did the Reformation affect thepower of the Catholic Church?

Critical Thinking 11. Identify What two things led Luther to

challenge the Catholic Church? 12. Explain Who fought the Thirty Years’

War? What was the result? 13. Analyze Why was the excommunication

of Henry VIII a powerful message from theCatholic Church? How did Henry react tohis excommunication? CA HR5.

CA 7RC2.0

CA 7RC2.2


N

S

WE


200 mi.0

50°N

60°N 0°

10°W

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

NorthSea

ENGLAND

SCOTLAND

IRELAND

Canterbury

London

Religion in Britain

Read to Write17. Understanding Cause and

Effect Choose one of the countries men-tioned in this chapter. Use your locallibrary to research the changes thatoccurred in that country during theReformation. Write an essay explainingthose changes. CA 7WA2.3

KEY

AnglicanCalvinistRoman Catholic

Dominant religion

CalvinistRoman Catholic

Minority religion

442-445 Ch8 CA-868876 3/15/06 2:52 PM Page 444


18. Using Your Use the informationfrom your foldable to write a series ofquestions about the chapter. Work with aclassmate to answer all of your questionsand help review the chapter.

Using Academic Vocabulary19. Choose the words from the list below that

have the same prefix. What is this prefix?Look the word up in a dictionary to findout its meaning. Then write a sentence foreach of the selected words.

conclude consentresource contradictconvert impactclarify

Building Citizenship20. Making Connections Write an essay that

explains how religious beliefs of theReformation affected people’s ideas abouttheir rights. How are these ideas reflectedin our own society?

Economics Connection21. Understanding Points of View How did

the Catholic Church use indulgences toincrease its wealth and power? Do researchto find out some of the main reasons whythe Church began to charge for indul-gences in the 1500s. Also include informa-tion on why people did not support theChurch’s use of indulgences.

Reviewing Skills

22. Identifying Cause andEffect After the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, Catholic kingdoms sent mis-sionaries across the world. Use your locallibrary and the Internet to research howthose missionaries affected the world.Choose one place where missionarieswent, and write an essay that describeshow the missionaries affected the culture.Be sure to use examples from yourresearch.

23. Distinguishing Fact andOpinion Read the following excerpt fromMartin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.According to Luther, is a letter of pardon,or indulgence, necessary? Is Luther’s state-ment about indulgences a fact or an opin-ion? Why?

“37. Every true Christian, whether living ordead, has a share in all the benefits of Christand of the Church, . . . even without lettersof pardon. . . .

45. Christians should be taught that he whosees any one in need, and, passing him by,gives money for pardons, is not purchasingfor himself the indulgences of the Pope butthe anger of God . . .”

—Martin Luther, “Ninety-five Theses”

CA HR2.

CA 7WA2.4

CA HR5.

CA 7WA2.3

CA HI2.

CA HR1.

Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for theChapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com

Select the best answer for eachof the following questions.

Martin Luther criticized theCatholic Church for

A siding with the Protestants.B not supporting the pope.C refusing to pay taxes.D the behavior of its leaders.

During the SpanishInquisition, which groups wereexpelled from Spain?

A Jews and ProtestantsB peasants and serfsC Jews and MuslimsD Muslims and Lutherans

25

24

442-445 Ch8 CA-868876 7/11/05 11:53 PM Page 445


Chapter 8: The Reformation - Edl€¦ · Protestantism. The Reformation ... Protestant teachings...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 8: The Reformation - Edl€¦ · Protestantism. The Reformation ... Protestant teachings...