Chapter 8 Radiation Hydrodynamics
description
Transcript of Chapter 8 Radiation Hydrodynamics
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Chapter 8
Radiation Hydrodynamics
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),,(),(),(),,(),,(1
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8.1 Radiation Transport
/S
2
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Integrated form
(2) Spherical Geometry
(1) Plane geometry
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)(22
)(
112
3
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, Te ,Te
ff fb bb
ff bf bb
Sr d d I
Emissivity and Opacity
Coupling term with electron fluid
4
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EFE ct
4
4
1 dcIE
4dIF
FPF tc 2
1
dc
IP :1
Angular moment equation
Radiation energy densityRadiation heat fluxRadiation pressure
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kik
i xPP
)( dc ikki
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),()(),( 0 xxx II
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4 ),( dx 21
1 d
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6
Radiation pressure tensor (1)
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PEPE
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Radiation pressure tensor (2)
Equation to Radiation Energy Density (Plane Geometry)
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EFE crrrt
4)(1 2
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)1(21
8
Equation to Radiation Energy Density (Plane Geometry)
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Example of Angular Distribution in case of plane gold foil
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EEFE cuxdt
d
4)()(
FFPF
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xdtd
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EEFE currrdt
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2
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Equation of Radiation in Fluid Frame
Plane Geometry
Spherical Geometry
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0)(
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RR uu
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8.2 Radiation Hydrodynamics
Total Energy and Momentum Conservation Relations
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0
1 dc
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0
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)1(~~ 22 cuo
uu
RR
PE
)(~ 2
2
2 cuo
uc
R
F
cos)(1 x
EF3c
EP31
EF
xc
3
12
The coupling term with matter
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EEE cxx
clxt
4)
3(
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3
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kThec
h
B
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4)( TBEEc
RP
R
13
Multi-group Diffusion Approximation
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RPP
RRP
RRP c
xcl
xtEEE
4
3
duuld
T
dT
ll RR )(
0
0
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GB
B
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dPP )(
0
0
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GB
B
2
4
4 )1(415
u
u
R eeu
G
115 3
4 uP e
u
G
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Near LTE Approximation (Gray Approximation)
Rosseland mean-free-path
Planck opacity
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RP
RR
xcl
EF
3
1j
j
id
EE GG NiNj 1,0
iiiii
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d
d
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Multi-group gray diffusion approximation
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ii
i
xcl
EF
3 ii cfs
EF
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i
ii c SE
RRF
1
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i
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EE
R
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coscoth1)(
RRR
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Eddington coefficient (How to model angular distribution)
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Ex
cR
4
RcERF )(
)1(coth1)(R
RR
R
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211
02625.05953.012694.001932.0
31
RRRR
f
211 2
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RR
f
131
310
1
1
R
R
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Variable Edington Factor
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8.3 Computer Simulation of Gold Foil
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Spectrum from Gold Foil irradiated by Lasers (Experiment VS Simulation)
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X-ray Conversion Rate ( Experiment VS Simulation)
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CRE model is essential for Gold PlasmaCRE: Collisional Radiative Equilibrium
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X-ray confinement with a variety of gold cavities
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Radiation Temperature from Gold Cavity
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8.4 Radiation Hydrodynamics in the Universe
Planetary Nebulae (HST)
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Radiation Hydrodynamics Model of Planetary Nebulae
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Eagle Nebulaby HST
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Super-Massive BH of C of G(Image by HST)400 ly88,000 ly
Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH
Accretion Disk and Black Hole
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多くの銀河の中心には、質量が太陽の一千万倍を超える巨大ブラックホールがあると考えられていますが、確実な証拠はこれまでつかむことができませんでした。このたび VLBI 観測によって中心天体のまわりの小さな領域で高速に回転するガスや星のすがたがとらえられました。この回転が太陽系の惑星のようなケプラー運動なら、中心天体の質量は簡単に算出できます。 NGC4258(M106) という銀河系の中心近くのガス回転運動の様子を VLBI 観測等によって調べたところ、半径 0.13 パーセクより小さい領域に太陽の 3600 万倍の質量が存在することがわかりました。平均密度はこれまでブラックホールの候補と考えられてきた天体の 40 倍と大きく、 NGC4258 の中心にブラックホールが存在する有力な証拠と考えられています。 <三好 真>
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Figure 1: NRAO Very Large Array image of the radio galaxy 3C 403 at a wavelength of 3.6 cm. The intensity range of the colors (in Jansky, Jy, units) is indicated at the right hand side. The red arrow points at the galaxy's nucleus. The spectrum shown in the upper left hand inset was taken with the Effelsberg 100m telescope. The y-axis is flux density in Jy, while the x-axis gives the recession velocity (in km/s), i.e. the speed which with 3C 403 and the Milky Way are moving apart. The green arrow points at the systemic radial velocity of the whole galaxy. Image: National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Rick Perley (NRAO/AUI/NSF)
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Eta-Carina
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Photo-ionized plasma in binary system
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Ionization Parameter x
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8.5 Photo-ionized Plasma Experiment
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Experimental setup
• Everything shown is completely destroyed during the experiment!
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Spectral characterization
300 11.5 m tungsten wires20 MA current100 ns rise time8 ns FWHM peak120 TW peak powerx 25 erg cm/s at the peak165 eV near-BB radiationSynchrotron high energy tail
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Cloudy models
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Super-Massive BH of C of G(Image by HST)400 ly88,000 ly
Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH
8.6 Photo-ionization in X-ray Binary System
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At Institute of Physics, Beijing, China, Summer 2006
Japan-China Joint Research funded by JSPS and NSFC (2005-2007) still on going.
PI(project): H. Takabe (Japan) and J. Zhang(China)PI(experiment): H. Nishimura (Japan) and Y. Li (China)Staff: S. Fujioka, N. Yamamoto, W. Feilu, D. Salzman etc.
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Two Type of Experiments have been done with GXII and
Shengang II
1. H. G. Wei et al., Opacity studies of silicon in radiatively heated plasmaAstrophysical J. Lett. 683, Page 577–583, (2008)
2. Fei-lu Wang et al., Experimental evidence and theoretical analysis of photo-ionized plasma under x-ray radiation produced by intense laserPhys. Plasmas 15, 073108 (2008)
Japan-China Joint Research by JSPS and NSFC (2005-2007)
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We are carrying out the second step.
Radiation Temperature Tr = 0.5 keV
Final Purpose is the Prediction of Candidate of X-ray Laser Object near Compact Object in
Universe.
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H. Takabe1, S. Fujioka1, N. Yamamoto1, F. L. Wang2, D. Saltzmann3, Y. T. Li4, Q.L. Dong4, S.J. Wang4, Y. Zhang4, Yong-
Woo Lee5, Yong-Joo Rhee5, Jae Min Han5, M. Tanabe1, T. Fujiwara1, Y. Nakabayashi1, J. Zhang4, H. Nishimura1,
1Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871,Japan.
2National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
3Department of Plasma Physics, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel.
4Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100080, China.5Quantum Optics Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research
Institute, 1045 Daedeok Street Yuseonggu, Daejon 305-353, Korea. 53
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Photo-ionization of X-ray Binary System (VELA X-1)
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S. Watanabe et al., ApJ 651; 421, 200655
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He-like Silicon Line Emissions from VELA X-1
N. R. Schultz et al., ApJ 564; L21, 200256
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X-ray from Companion Compact Star (Image)
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X-ray from Companion Star of Cyg X-3
58F. Paerels, et al., Astrophys. J. 533, L135 (2000).Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH candidate (Chandra)
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Experiment has been done
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Spectrum from Imploded CH Core Plasma
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Experimental Data
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Experimental Spectrum
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1S
1S3S
3P1P
wz
1/43/4
Courtesy by Prof. Kuni Masai
Az=10-6Aw
Case (1) in AstrophysicsEn
ergy
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1S
1S3S
3P
wz
1/43/4
Courtesy by Prof. Kuni Masai
Case (2) in Astrophysics
1P
Ener
gy
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K
Satellite Lines from Be-like Si
Ener
gy
L
Photon from Radiation Source
Photo-ionized electron
Satellite Line
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Details of Theoretical Spectrum
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Chandra X-ray Data from VELA
X-1
N. R. Schultz et al., ApJ 564; L21, 2002
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0.0120.0080.0040.000In
tens
ity (a
.u.)
1.881.861.841.821.80Photon energy (keV)4.00
2.00
0.00Cou
nt/s
/keV
1.881.861.841.821.80Energy (keV)
実験室
ブラックホール
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Black HoleUniverse
Experiment
Joint Exp. Japan-China-Korea
This is accepted for publication in the Nature-Physics (2009)
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Poem by Edward Teller:
A fact without a theoryis like a ship without a rail,is like a boat without a rudder,is like a kite without a tail.
A fact without a theoryis like an inconclusive act.But if there’s one thing worse,in this confusing universe,it’s a theory without a fact
Edward Teller(Nuclear Physicist and Founder of LLNL)
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Example of Atomic Process Rates
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