Chapter 8

Cells

Pretest1. Which cells surround and consume harmful

organisms that invade the body?A. antibodiesB. phagocytesC. epithelial cellsD. Hormones

2. Which system carries oxygen in the body?A. endocrine systemB. skeletal systemC. circulatory systemD. nervous system

3. ____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.

A. chloroplastB. nucleusC. cytoplasmD. Mitochondria

4. The system that fights disease and other foreign agents.

A. circulatoryB. immuneC. endocrineD. urinary

5. Mucus, skin, tears, saliva, and ____________ are all part of your first line of defense.

A. earwaxB. eyeballC. finger nailD. tongue

6. __________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands.

A. hormonesB. cellsC. tissuesD. glucose

*What do cells do?

Chapter 8 Lesson 1

Big Idea:

All living things are made of cells. To

stay alive and healthy, cells need food,

water, and a way to eliminate waste.

A single cell is the smallest structure that carries out the activities necessary for life.

*Animals and plant cells have 3 features in common:1. cell membrane2. nucleus3. cytoplasm

cell membrane: outer covering of the cell; water & food enter through it; wastes move out of the membrane

nucleus: part of cell that directs all cell activities & carries info for cell reproduction

cytoplasm: gel-like material that spreads around the internal parts of the cell

Organelle: structure that has a specific task within the cell*for example: mitochondria (energy), vacuoles (stores materials), golgi bodies (transports), endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus cell control center;

reproduction

Cell Membrane structure and transport

Only plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

cell walls: adds support to a plant cell

chloroplast: organelle that makes food from sunlight, water & carbon dioxide

Cell Transportation

• A cell membrane allows water, gases, and wastes to pass in and out of the cell.

• Cell membranes use both passive & active transport.

passive transportno energy needed

active transportrequires energy

Diffusion: process that spreads substances through a gas or liquid from a HIGHER to a LOWER concentration

Special Type of Diffusion:

Osmosis: a type of diffusion that allows water to pass, but not the solutes in the water; keeps water inside the cells

passive transport

Active transport requires energy & goes from LOWER to HIGHER.

Using Energy

Photosynthesis: process that plants use to make food by using the energy of sunlight

Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________ and depends on a green pigment called chlorophyll.

Sugar that plants produce in photosynthesis is called _________.

Mitochondria breaks down these sugars into energy. The energy is stored in an ATP molecule.

glucose

chloroplasts

Did you know?

Your body is made up of trillions of cells. Yet you began as just a single cell!

How did you grow?

Cell division

*How are cells specialized?

Chapter 8 Lesson 2

Main Idea:Complex organisms have many types of cells. Each cell has special structures that allow it to carry out

specific tasks.

Different Cells for Different Jobs

Tissues: group of cells that has a common structure and function

Organs: 2 or more types of tissues that work together

Example: brain, heart, kidneys

Organ systems: group of organs that work together to perform complex tasks

Organ Systems

The more complex the organism, the greater the number of organ systems it needs to survive.

Humans have 11 organ systems.

Each system plays a particular role in the body.

Systems influence each other.

Some organs work for more than one system.

ORGAN SYSTEM FUNCTION

Circulatory System carries oxygen and removes CO2 via blood

Musculoskeletal System

supports body and allows you to move

Nervous System controls movements and other organ systems; brain-controlled

Endocrine System works like a chemical communication system; has glands that produces hormones

Respiratory System exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the organism and the environment (breathing)

Hormone: chemical message that travels through the blood and carries special info. Humans have about 50 hormones. They do things such as regulate growth and energy use, control blood sugar, and cause specific body changes

Organ Systems (7 of the 11 systems)

Circulatory System

Digestive System

Endocrine System

Musculoskeletal System

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Urinary System

Organization of Living Thingscells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organisms

*How does disease affect

cells?Chapter 8 Lesson 3

infectious disease: contagious; disease caused by organisms or viruses

noninfectious disease: disease caused by malfunction of an organ system

immune system: organ system that fights disease & foreign agents

1st line of defense

Examples: skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus2nd line of defense

Starts if harmful agents enter your bodyinflammation: blood reacts to fight infectionphagocytes: cells surround & consume harmful disease agents

Includes ways your body stops disease agents from entering the body

3rd Line of Defense

Immune System - this system fights harmful agents of disease

*produces antibodies to fight invading agents

A vaccination puts a small amount of a live or dead virus

into the body. The vaccine causes the immune system to

develop antibodies.

In summary,The Human Body’s Defenses Against

Disease

tears, saliva, mucus, skin, ear wax

inflammation

phagocytes

immune system

Let’s see what you have learned!

Diffusion is ________ transport that allows water to pass through the membrane from an area of _______ to ____ concentration.

We start as a single cell. We grow as a result of ________________.

____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.

passive

high low

cell division

Cytoplasm

A sugar that plants produce through photosynthesis is _______________.

______________ are cells that surround and consume harmful organisms that invade the body.

The _____________ system carries blood (which contains oxygen) to all parts of the body.

The __________ system fights disease.

_____________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands. (hint: efgh)

glucose

Phagocytes

circulatory

immune

Hormones

carries blood & oxygen all over the body

supports the body and allows for movement

brain is the center; controls other parts of the body

has glands that produces chemical messages called hormones

ORGAN SYSTEMS

word bank: musculoskeletal endocrine circulatory nervous

nervoussystem

musculoskeletal

system

circulatory

system

endocrine system

Study Guide

3 things cells have in common: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

2 things plants cells have that animal cells don’t:cell wall, chloroplasts

organ systems

1st, 2nd, 3rd defense systems

Vocabulary diffusion glucose cell division hormones

phagocytes