Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
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Transcript of Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
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Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
8.1 Energy and Life
10/27/2005
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What is Energy?
Ability to do work
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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Makes their own food
Use the energy of the sun
Ex. Plants
Obtains energy from the foods they consume
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ATPAdenosine TriPhosphateMade up of:
Adenine5 Carbon sugar (ribose)Three phosphate groups
KEY TO STORE & RELEASE ENERGY
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Storing Energy
ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate)Similar to ATP2 phosphate groupsKey to the way in which living
things store energyAdd on available energy with a
phosphate to ADP to create ATPAnalogy --> Battery
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Releasing Energy
How is the energy stored in ATP released?Breaking the chemical bond
between the second and third phosphate group
Basic energy source of all cells
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What is energy used for?
Carry out active transport
protein synthesis
Responses to chemical signals
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ATP can only pack small
amounts of energy
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P P
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate
ADP
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P P
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate
ATP
P
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8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
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Photosynthesis
key cellular process identified with energy production
Who goes through photosynthesis?PLANTS
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Key PlayersvanHelmont
Most of the gain in mass comes from water
Priestley plant releases oxygen
IngenhouszPlant releases oxygen only
with the presence of light
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Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 6H2O+Carbon dioxide Water
REACTANTS
LIGHT
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Photosynthesis Equation
C6H12O6 6O2+Sugar Oxygen
PRODUCTS
LIGHT
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Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 6H2O+ C6H12O6 6O2+LIGHT
DESCRIBE WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE REACTION.
In photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.
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Lights and Pigments
Plants needLight
Form of energyPigment
light absorbing moleculeChlorophyl
Principal pigment in plants
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8.3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
thylakoid membranes = saclike photosynthetic materials found in chloroplast
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Chloroplast Granum = stack of thylakoid
photosystems = organization of chlorophyll and other pigments light collecting units of the chloroplast
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Photosystems
2 part processLight dependent
In the thylakoid membranesLight independent (Calvin cycle)
In the stromaRegion outside the
thylakoid membranes
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Electron Carriers
Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll
electrons gain tons of energy
high energy electrons need special carriers from chlorophyll to other molecules
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Electron Transport Chain
carrier molecule = compound that can accept a PAIR of high-energy electrons and transfer them to along with MOST of their energy
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NADP+One of the carrier moleculesNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphateAccepts and holds 2 high-energy
electrons along with H+ (hydrogen ions)
This creates NADPHNADP+ + H+ --> NADPH = converts
energy sunglight into chemical form
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NADPH
carries high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions
used for synthesis of molecules
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NADP+
2 high energy e-
H+
NADPH
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8.3B
11 / 13 / 06
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Light Dependent Reactions
requires lights
uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
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Light Dependent Reactions
Products OXYGEN GAS (02)
2 energy carriers ADP -- > ATP NADP+ --> NADPH
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Light Dependent Reaction
o Light breaks up H2O to
have electrons, H+, and O
o O2 is released into the air
o H+ released into thylakoid membrane
1. Photosystem II
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Light Dependent Reaction
e- absorb light
Creates high-energy electrons
2e- passed through e- transport chain
1. Photosystem II
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Light Dependent Reaction
2 high energy electrons provide Energy to move H+ from stroma INTO thylakoid membrane
2. Electron Transport Chain
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Light Dependent Reaction
o Light re-energizes electrons
o NADP+ picks up high energy electrons and H+
o H+ + NADP+ --> NADPH (electron carriers)
3. Photosystem I
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Light Dependent Reaction
o More H+ are pumped across the membrane
o Inside = positive ionso Outside = more negativeo Importance = provides
energy to make ATP
4. Hydrogen Ion Movement
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Light Dependent Reaction
a)ATP Synthase = protein on cell membrane• Allows H+ to pass
through membrane
b)ATP Synthase binds ADP + P+, creating ATP
5. ATP Formation
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Light Dependent Reactions
Products OXYGEN GAS (02)
2 energy carriers ADP -- > ATP NADP+ --> NADPH
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8.3 C
11 / 14 / 06
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Quickwrite
1. What
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Calvin Cycle
uses ATP and NADPH from Light Dependent Reaction
Product - High energy Carbohydrates (sugar, starch)
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Calvin Cycle
1. 6 CO2 enter the cycle from
atmosphere
2. Combine with six 5-Carbon Molecules
3. Result = twelve 3-Carbon Molecules
A. CO2 Enters the Cycle
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Calvin Cycle
1. ATP and electrons from NADPH used
2. 12 3-carbon molecules converted to higher energy forms
B. Energy Input
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Calvin Cycle
1. Two 3-Carbon molecules are removed• produce sugars, lipids,
amino acids, and other compounds for metabolism
C. 6-Carbon Sugar Produced
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Calvin Cycle
1. ATP is used
2. Ten 3-Carbon molecules convert back to six 5-Carbon molecules
3. 5-Carbon molecules combine with 6 CO2 molecules to begin the next cycle
D. 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
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Calvin Cycle
It takes 6CO2 to produce a
SINGLE 6-Carbon sugar molecule
Removes CO2 from air
Sugar needed for growth and development
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Create a Flow Chart
6 ____ go into cycle
Combines with six ________ molecules
Results = _____________ molecules
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ATP and Electrons used from NADPH
____________ molecules converted into higher
energy forms
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Two __________ Molecules removed
Produces ________________________________________________
_______
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______ 3-Carbon molecules converted back to 6
__________ molecule
Cycle repeats!
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
shortage of water = slow or stop photosynthesis
temperature = damage or slow down how enzymes work
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
intensity of light = more light, increase photosynthesisUntil maximum levels are hit