chapter 8 part 1 - any questionsvirtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals... · chapter 8 part...
Transcript of chapter 8 part 1 - any questionsvirtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals... · chapter 8 part...
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chapter 8 part 1 - any questions
check course web site for midterm information
chapter 8 part 2 pages 181-189
review sessions on Wednesday and Friday afternoons
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GROUP (make a list): What decisions have to be made to determine where and when a gene is transcribed (that is, RNA is synthesized) and which part of that RNA is translated?
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Is it random or is there a signal, how is signal recognized?
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How is sequence in DNA/RNA translated into a sequence of amino acids?
tRNA - encoded in DNA
amino acyl tRNA synthase - encoded in DNA recognizes anti-codon + acceptor
All components of the ribosome system (RNA and polypeptides) - encoded in DNA
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many cycles
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should have been ARE
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What is max. number of tRNA genes?
How many distinct codons?
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Transcription and translation summary
RNA transcript5’
DNA
5’5’
polypeptideN
transcription start
mRNA5’translation start
translation start
transcription stop
RNA splicing (in eukaryotes)
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Other factors regulate translation of RNA and its stability (half-life): endo-/exo-nucleases)
RNA transcript
Similar factors/signals regulate polypeptide stability.
e.g. Is the 5’ end of mRNA visible to ribosome?
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• Why so many tRNA genes? How, in the most basic terms, do different tRNAs differ from one another?
• How might the concentration of various tRNAs and the frequency of various codons influence the rate of polypeptide synthesis?
• What is the minimal number of different tRNA-amino acid synthetases in a cell?
• Would you expect a ribosome to make mistakes in amino acid incorporation or polypeptide termination? How are such mistakes similar to and different from mutations?
Questions to answer:
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Start codon (initiator tRNA (methionine)
stop codonrelease factor
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• How would you explain the terms “up-stream” and “down-stream” in terms of gene structure.
• What effects on polypeptide synthesis arise from neglecting codon bias?
• Why don’t release factors cause the premature termination of translation at non-stop codons?
Questions to answer:
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• What will happen if a ribosome starts translating an mRNA at the "wrong" place?
• When analyzing the effects of a particular non-sense or mis-sense mutation (allele), what factors would you consider first?
• How would you go about reengineering an organism to incorporate non-biological amino acid in its proteins
Questions to answer:
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tricky question to answer: