Chapter 8- NotesThe Jefferson Era

The “Revolution of 1800”

• John Adams ran for a 2nd term as the Federalist candidate for President. Charles Pickney (from SC) was his VP candidate.

• The Republicans chose Jefferson and Aaron Burr (VP)

The “Revolution of 1800”

• Elections were much different that they are today.

• It was considered to be in “bad taste” for candidates to campaign themselves.

• Instead their supporters and friends wrote letters to leading citizens and to friendly newspapers.

• The letter writing campaign turned “ugly”

The “Revolution of 1800”

• Federalist charged Jefferson, who believed in freedom of religion, as being “godless”.

• Republicans said that the Federalists wanted to restore the monarchy and that they only had the interests of the wealthy in mind.

The “Revolution of 1800”

• When the Electoral College votes were counted Jefferson and Burr each had 73 votes. Adams and Pickney a distant 3rd and 4th.

• It would be up to the House of Representatives to break the tie and chose the next president.

• Many Federalists saw this as a possible way to block Jefferson from becoming president.

The “Revolution of 1800”

• For 35 ballots, the election remained tied.

• Finally, at Hamilton’s urging (this would later cost Hamilton his life), one Federalist decided not to vote for Burr.

• Jefferson became President, and Burr Vice-President.

The “Revolution of 1800”

• The election of 1800 is sometimes referred to as the “Revolution of 1800” because it marked for one of the few times in the history of the world when one political faction peacefully gained control of the government that was in power.

• There were no bloody coups or reprisals…just votes.

Jefferson’s Inauguration

• TJ wore everyday clothes and walked to the Senate to be sworn in.

• Adams slipped away the night before so he would not be in attendance.

• TJ, in his speech, tried to reach out to the Federalists. (We are Republicans, we are all Federalists)

• He laid out his plans for a wise and frugal government which supported state governments.

Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government

• TJ believed in reducing the size of the federal government. (French philosophy of laissez-faire- let the people do as they chose).

• TJ believed that the strength of the US was its independent farmers.

• As long as people owned their own property, they would fight to protect their rights and defend the republic.

Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government

• For this reason, TJ also favored expanding the country west.

• He believed the federal government should be kept small.

• He distrusted standing armies and wanted to reduce the size of the military.

Jefferson’s Cabinet

• TJ surrounded himself with people who shared his Republican values.

• Sec. of State- James Madison (his friend and fellow Virginian)

• Sec. of Treasury- Albert Gallatin (from PA, he had a grasp of finances that rivaled Hamilton’s)

Jefferson’s Actions

• Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act (hated Federalists policies)

• To reduce the national debt the Federalists had left behind:

1. Cut the army by 1/3; reduced navy ships from 25 to 7

2. repealed all internal taxes (incl. whiskey tax)

Jefferson’s Actions

• Government funds would only come from tariffs and from the sale of western lands.

• The federal government in 1801 consisted only of a few hundred people.

• Its duty was to delivering the mail, collecting tariffs, and conducting a census (population count) every 10 years.

Jefferson and the Courts

• Before TJ took office, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which set up 16 regional courts.

• In the final few hours of his presidency, John Adams hurried to appoint Federalists judges to these positions.

• When TJ took office on March 4th a few of these had not been delivered. TJ ordered them not to be delivered.

Jefferson and the Courts

• One of the commissions not delivered was addressed to Wm. Marbury.

• To force the delivery, Marbury took his case directly to the Supreme Court.

• Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review in which the judicial branch could nullify laws that went against the Constitution.

The Louisiana Purchase (8-2)

• Americans in the West depended on the Mississippi River to get their goods to market in the East.

• In 1795, Spain signed the Pickney Treaty agreeing to allow the US free navigation of the Miss. R and the right to trade at New Orleans.

• In 1802, Spain began to refuse to abide by the terms of the treaty.

The Louisiana Purchase

• Later in 1802, the US confirmed their suspicion that Spain had made a secret deal sending the Louisiana Territory back to France.

• France’s leader, Napoleon, had dreams of empire not only in Europe but in North America as well.

• French ownership of the LT alarmed TJ.

The Louisiana Purchase

• TJ authorized Robert Livingston, the new minister to France, to spend up to $10 million to buy New Orleans from the French.

• In the meantime, a slave revolt in Haiti led by Toussaint Louverture overthrew French rule and Napoleon’s dream of empire in North America.

The Louisiana Purchase

• France needing money in their war with Britain decided they wanted to sell the whole LT to the Americans. They offered to sell it to the US for $15 million.

• This was a too good of a deal to pass up and Livingston readily agreed.

The Louisiana Purchase

• Problem #1: Livingston was not authorized to spend this much.

• Problem #2: The Constitution did not give the president the authority to purchase lands.

• Problem #3: TJ and the Republicans believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution

• THE DEAL went through anyway. (treaty)

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The lands west of the Mississippi River were virtually unexplored in 1804.

• TJ sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition of discovery.

• L&C were sent on a scientific expedition and to see if a river water route to the Pacific existed. They kept journals of the plants and animals they encountered, kept maps, and maintained friendly relations with the Native Americans they encountered.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Travelling against the current on the Missouri River was difficult.

• Sacagawea help serve as their guide.• After a 4,000 mile journey they finally

arrived at the Pacific Ocean.• They spent the winter at Fort Clatsop

and returned home the following Spring.

Zebulon Pike

• Even before LC returned home, TJ sent Zebulon Pike to explore some of the southern parts of Louisiana Purchase.

• Pike explored in the area of present-day Colorado.

Federalists Plan to Secede

• Many Federalist opposed the Louisiana Purchase.

• They feared that the new states carved out of this new territory would be pro-Republican.

• A group of Federalists in Massachusetts plotted to secede– or withdraw– from the United States.

• They wanted New England to form a separate “Northern Confederacy”

NOT IN

YOUR

TEXT !!!

Federalists Plan to Secede

• The plotters realized that they would need to include New York in their plans if they were to succeed.

• They turned to Aaron Burr, who had been cast aside by the Republicans for his refusal to withdraw from the 1800 election.

• The Federalists supported Burr in his 1804 bid for governor of New York.

Burr and Hamilton

• AH had never trusted Burr. Now, he was hearing rumors that Burr if elected would lead NY out of the union.

• Hamilton accused Burr of treason.• When Burr lost the election he blamed

Hamilton and challenged him to a duel.• The two met in July 1804 in New Jersey. In

the duel, Hamilton was seriously wounded and died the next day.

• Burr fled to avoid arrest.

QUIZ 8- 1 &2

1. In 1800, where did the US territory end in the west?

2. What man was conspicuously absent at TJ’s inauguration?

3. What group did TJ believe was the strength of the US?

4. After TJ got Congress to repeal internal taxes there were 2 sources of income for the US. Name one (5 pts ec if you name both)

QUIZ

5. Name the French leader who had plans for empire in Europe and North America.

6. The Louisiana Purchase did what to the size of the US?

7. How much did the US pay for the Louisiana?

8. How much per acre?

Quiz

9. In the early months, what river did Lewis and Clark travel?

10.Name the Shoshone woman who served as their guide.

11. How long did it take LC to return to St. Louis? (+/- 3 months)

12.Name the person who explored Colorado

Quiz

13. Name the African-American on the Lewis and Clark expedition.

14. Aaron Burr blamed Hamilton for his losing two elections. Name the year and office he was seeking for one of them. (5 pts ec if you name both)

15. In what state, did the Hamilton-Burr duel take place.

QUIZ

1. In 1800, where did the US territory end in the west?

2. What man was conspicuously absent at TJ’s inauguration?

3. What group did TJ believe was the strength of the US?

4. After TJ got Congress to repeal internal taxes there were 2 sources of income for the US. Name one (5 pts ec if you name both)

1. Mississippi River

2. John Adams

3. Farmers4. Tariffs and

the sale of western lands

QUIZ

5. Name the French leader who had plans for empire in Europe and North America.

6. The Louisiana Purchase did what to the size of the US?

7. How much did the US pay for the Louisiana?

8. How much per acre?

• 5. Napoleon Bonaparte

• 6. doubled• 7. $15 million• 8. 3 cents

Quiz

9. In the early months, what river did Lewis and Clark travel?

10.Name the Shoshone woman who served as their guide.

11. How long did it take LC to return to St. Louis? (+/- 3 months)

12.Name the person who explored Colorado

• 9. Missouri River

• 10. Sacajawea

• 11. 28 months (25-31 ok)

• 12. Zebulon Pike

Quiz

13. Name the African-American on the Lewis and Clark expedition.

14. Aaron Burr blamed Hamilton for his losing two elections. Name the year and office he was seeking for one of them. (5 pts ec if you name both)

15. In what state, did the Hamilton-Burr duel take place.

• 13. York• 14.

President in 1800 or Gov. of NY in 1804

• 15. New Jersey

War with Tripoli (8-3)

• In the early 1800’s, Americans enjoyed prosperous trade with countries around the world.

• Sailing in foreign seas was not without danger. In the Mediterranean Sea, for example, ships had to be on guard for pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Africa.

• For years, these Barbary pirates demanded a tribute, or protection money, from ships sailing in these waters.

War with Tripoli

• The US paid this tribute money too.• When the rulers of Tripoli demanded

more money, President Jefferson refused to pay.

• America declared war and sent the navy to blockade.

• The Constitution (44 gun), President (44 gun), The Philadelphia (36 gun) and the Essex and Enterprise.

War with Tripoli

• It truly was not much of a war. • The US broke the back of the Barbary

pirates and a peaceful settlement was reached with the leader of Tripoli.

• Tripoli agreed not to demand tributes and the US paid a $60,000 ransom for the release of American prisoners.

• The War with Tripoli showed the world the US was willing and able to defend her interests.

France and England

• With France and England at war again, the US tried to remain neutral.

• By 1805, both sides had lost patience with American neutrality.

• Britain blockaded the French coast and announced that it search all ships trading with France.

• France later announced it would search and seize all ships trading with Britain.

France and England

• The British navy was in desperate need of sailors.

• The British navy began searching American ships looking for and taking sailors that had deserted from the British navy.

• While they did find some of these sailors, they also impressed thousands of natural born and naturalized American citizens.

The Chesapeake• Quite often, British warships lie in wait for

American ships leaving American ports.• In June 1807, off the coast of Virginia, the

British ship Leopard demanded to board the American merchant ship the Chesapeake to look for British sailors.

• When the American captain refused, the Leopard opened fire killing 3, wounding 18, and crippling the ship.

The Chesapeake

• Americans reacted with an anti-British fury not seen since the American Revolution.

• Many Americans, including Secretary of State James Madison, demanded war against Britain.

• President Jefferson did not intend for the British action to go unanswered but he sought a course of action other than war.

The Embargo Act

• Britain impressment of American sailors and violation of their neutral rights led Jefferson to pass the Embargo Act.

• An embargo prohibits trade with another country.

• Although Britain was the target of the Embargo Act, the act itself prohibited trade with ALL foreign countries.

The Embargo Act

• Jefferson wanted to prevent Americans from using other countries as go-betweens in trading with Britain.

• Jefferson hoped to hurt Britain while avoiding war.

• The Embargo Act of 1807 was a disaster. It all but wiped out American commerce and Britain simply traded with Latin America for its agricultural products.

Non –Intercourse Act

• The Embargo Act had clearly not worked and it was repealed.

• In its place, Congress adopted the Non-Intercourse Act which forbid trading with Britain, France or any of their possessions.

• It was no more popular or successful than the Embargo Act.

Jefferson Leaves Office

• Following GW’s precedent, TJ decided not to seek a 3rd term.

• The Republicans chose James Madison as their candidate.

• The Federalists chose Charles Pickney. The Federalists hoped that anger over the Embargo Act would help their party.

• The Federalists received support in New England but little elsewehere

• Madison won 122-47

War Fever

• James Madison did not take office under the most favorable conditions.

• At home and abroad, the nation was mired in the embargo crisis. Meanwhile, Britain continued to claim the right to stop American ships.

• The cries for war grew louder and louder.

War Fever

• In 1810, Congress passed a law allowing trade with Britain or France, depending on which country would lift its trade restrictions with America.

• Napoleon seized the opportunity and promised to end France’s trade restrictions.

• Unfortunately for Madison, Napoleon lied and continued to seize American ships.

War Fever

• It seemed the nation was on the verge of war. But the nation was deeply divided on who we should declare war against…France or Britain?

• Madison knew that Napoleon had tricked him but he continued to see Britain as the bigger threat.

Frontier Problems

• Indians in the Ohio River Valley had given up millions of acres of land.

• Settlers kept moving onto Indian lands given to the Indians by treaty.

• Several tribes began renewing their fur contracts with British agents in Canada.

• Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, built a strong confederation of Native American nations.

Frontier Problems

• Tecumseh believed that with the backing of the British in Canada this alliance could put a halt to the whites movement onto Indian lands.

• Tecumseh had great political skills and a powerful ally in his brother, The Prophet.

• The Prophet urged NAs to give up things they had learned or gotten from the whites (dress, plows, firearms, whiskey) and return to the ways of their ancestors.

Frontier Problems

• The American governor of the Indian Territory, Gen. William Henry Harrison, was alarmed by the growing unity of the Indians and their possible alliance with Britain.

• Letters to Tecumsheh and his reply• WHH attacks Prophetstown on the

Tippecanoe River. WHH becomes a national hero and the word “Tippecanoe” is forever attached with his name.

• Unintended consequences: Tecumseh/British

War Hawks

• Pres. Madison faced growing demands for a more aggressive policy towards Britain.

• The most insistent voices came from a new group of Republicans elected to Congress in 1810 known as the War Hawks.

• The War Hawks came from the South and the West. They pressured JM to declare war on Britain.

War Hawks

• wanted to avenge British actions• eager to expand the nation’s power• renewed sense of patriotism• Leaders: Henry Clay (KY-west)

John C. Calhoun (SC-south)• Canada, Florida?• urged major military spending (army 4x

larger)• Federalists opposed war.

Declaring War

• By the Spring of 1812, JM considered war with Britain “inevitable”

• asked Congress for a declaration of war• Britain had decided to end its policy

of search and seizure of American ships

• News travels s-l-o-w• The war machine could not be stopped.

The War of 1812 (8-4)

• Despite renewed patriotism, America was unprepared for war

• Regular army = 7,000• 50-100,000 state militia (poorly

trained and some states did not support the war, esp. in NE)

• underestimated the strength of Britain and her NA allies

The War of 1812 begins

• July 1812, Gen. Wm. Hull led the American army from Detroit into Canada.

• He was met by Tecumseh/British.• Surrendered Detroit• Another attempt by Gen. Wm Henry

Harrison also proved unsuccessful• Canada could not be invaded as

long as the British controlled Lake Erie.

Naval Battles

• Oliver Hazard Perry was given the order to assemble a fleet and defeat the British on Lake Erie.

• “We have met the enemy, and he is ours”

War of 1812

• With Lake Erie in American hands, we pushed forward.

• British and NAs tried to pull back to Canada from Detroit but were met by Gen. WHH

• Tecumseh killed (Battle of Thames)

• Americans attacked York, Canada (present-day Toronto) burning the Parliament buildings

War of 1812

• Canada remained unconquered• by 1813, America had won some

important land and sea victories

The Navy

• During TJ, the Republicans had reduced the size of the Navy

• Even so, the US boasted 3 of the fastest frigates (warships) afloat.

• USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”)• American privateers (armed private

ships) staged spectacular attacks and captured numerous vessels

Setbacks for Native Americans

• With Tecumseh dead, the hopes of a NA confederation died also.

• March 1814, a Tennessee planter by the name of Andrew Jackson attacked the Creeks in the SE.

• Jackson slaughtered 550 Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend breaking the Creek resistance and forcing them to give most of their land to the US

British Offensive

• In the Spring of 1814, Britain defeated Napoleon ending the war with France.

• Britain now turned its sights toward the US

• In August 1814, the British sailed into the Chesapeake Bay

• Destination: Washington, DC

British Offensive

• Britain invaded Washington and burned the Capitol and the President’s mansion (White House)

• To everyone’s surprise the British did not occupy WDC

• They marched north toward Baltimore

British Offensive

• Baltimore was ready for the British• Barricaded roads• Blocked the harbor• 13,000 militia• Determined defense, ferocious

bombardment from Ft. McHenry (Francis Scott Key, “Star-Spangled Banner”)

British defeat @ Plattsburgh

• In the North, British Gen. Sir George Prevost led more than 10,000 British troops into NY from Canada.

• British goal: Capture Plattsburgh, a key city on Lake Champlain

• Americans defeated the British fleet (Sept. 1814)

• British retreat back to Canada

The War Ends

• After their loss @ Plattsburgh, the British decided the war in North America was too costly and unnecessary.

• The Treaty of Ghent (1814; Ghent, Belgium) did not change any existing borders, neutral rights were a dead issue, no mention of impressment in treaty.

The War Ends... or does it?

• News travels s-l-o-w• One final, ferocious battle—The

Battle of New Orleans• In Dec 1814, British troops moved

toward New Orleans• Awaiting behind earthen fortifications

was the American army led by Andrew Jackson.

The Battle of New Orleans

• On January 6, 1815, the British troops advanced.

• The British were no match for the Americans hiding behind cotton bales.

• In a short—but decisive– battle hundreds of British soldiers were killed.

• Andrew Jackson became a national hero.

American Nationalism

• New England’s Federalists had opposed “Mr. Madison’s War” from the beginning

• In Dec. 1814, they gathered in Connecticut at the Hartford Convention

• A few favored secession• Most wanted to remain in the Union• To protect their interests, they drew up a

lists of proposed amendments to the Constitution.

Federalists lose respect

• After the Convention, news of Jackson’s victory @ New Orleans, followed by news of the peace treaty.

• The Federalists grievances seemed inappropriate.

• The party lost respect• Americans were proud and self-

confident.• The new nation gained respect from

other nations

The “new” Republicans

• Although the Federalist party was weakened, their philosophy of a strong national government was carried on by the “new Republicans” (see War Hawks)

• favored trade, western expansion, the energetic development of the economy, and a strong military

THE END

OF NOTES

FOR CH. 8

Quiz 8- 3 & 4

1. The U.S. naval jack contained this phrase which served as a warning to other countries.

2. In 1804, who was the US at war with?3. This country (see #2) is located on

which continent?4. Which European country is best

known for impressing American sailor?

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

5. What was the name of the American merchant ship that was attacked by the British warship The Leopard?

6. Rather than go to war with Britain, what act did TJ and Congress pass in 1807 to hurt Britain economically?

7. Although Britain was the target of this act (see #6), how many other countries did we stop trading with?

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

8. When the Embargo Act was repealed, which act took its place?

9. Who was elected President in 1808?10.Which Indian chief built a strong

confederation of Native American nations in the Ohio River Valley?

11.Which European nation was their ally?

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

12. What did The Prophet urge Native Americans to do?

13.William Henry Harrison became a national hero at and is forever associated with which river?

14.In 1810, a new group of republicans were elected to office and demanded a more aggressive policy toward Britain. By what name were they known as?

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

15.Which naval commander said “We have met the enemy, and he is ours”?

16.Name the two world capitals burned in the War of 1812.

17.What was the nickname given to the USS Constitution because cannon balls seemed to bounce off her?

18. Term for a fast warship

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

19.Name the Tennessee planter and future president who became a hero at the Battle of New Orleans.

20.Britain decided to stop fighting after their defeat at __________.

21.Which treaty, signed in 1814, ended the War of 1812?

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

1. The U.S. naval jack contained this phrase which served as a warning to other countries.

2. In 1804, who was the US at war with?

3. This country (see #2) is located on which continent?

4. Which European country is best known for impressing American sailor?

• 1. Don’t Tread On Me!

• 2. Tripoli• 3. Africa• 4. Britain

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

5. What was the name of the American merchant ship that was attacked by the British warship The Leopard?

6. Rather than go to war with Britain, what act did TJ and Congress pass in 1807 to hurt Britain economically?

7. Although Britain was the target of this act (see #6), how many other countries did we stop trading with?

• 5. Chesapeake

• 6. The Embargo Act

• 7. all of them

Quiz 3 & 4

8. When the Embargo Act was repealed, which act took its place?

9. Who was elected President in 1808?

10.Which Indian chief built a strong confederation of Native American nations in the Ohio River Valley?

11.Which European nation was their ally?

• 8. Non-Intercourse Act

• 9. James Madison

• 10. Tecumseh• 11. Britain

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

12. What did The Prophet urge Native Americans to do?

13.William Henry Harrison became a national hero at and is forever associated with which river?

14. In 1810, a new group of republicans were elected to office and demanded a more aggressive policy toward Britain. By what name were they known as?

• 12. return to the old ways

• 13. Tippecanoe

• 14. War Hawks

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

15.Which naval commander said “We have met the enemy, and he is ours”?

16.Name the two world capitals burned in the War of 1812.

17.What was the nickname given to the USS Constitution because cannon balls seemed to bounce off her?

18. Term for a fast warship

• 15. Oliver Hazard Perry

• 16. Washington D.C. and York, Canada

• 17 Old Ironsides

• 18. frigate

Quiz 9- 3 & 4

19.Name the Tennessee planter and future president who became a hero at the Battle of New Orleans.

20.Britain decided to stop fighting after their defeat at __________.

21.Which treaty, signed in 1814, ended the War of 1812?

• 19. Andrew Jackson

• 20. Plattsburgh• 21. Treaty of

Ghent