Chapter 8: LearningChapter 8: Learning

Animals Learn

Reinforce Me

Watch & Learn

Think!

Those Kids!

1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the 1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the bell is the:dog’s salivation to the bell is the:

• A) unconditioned stimulus.

• B) unconditioned response.

• C) conditioned stimulus.

• D) conditioned response.

2. Jimmy was frightened by a 2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of:This is an example of:

• A) stimulus generalization.

• B) stimulus discrimination.

• C) unconditioned response.

• D) unconditioned stimulus.

3. After repeatedly presenting the 3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, the CR will CS without the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This is called:gradually disappear. This is called:

• A) extinguished reaction.

• B) extinction.

• C) stimulus discrimination.

• D) stimulus neutralization.

4. Once extinction has occurred, the 4. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may return if enough time has CR may return if enough time has passed. This is an example of:passed. This is an example of:

• A) spontaneous remission.

• B) stimulus generalization.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) conditioned recurrence.

5.5. Which of the following would be an Which of the following would be an example of Classical Conditioning example of Classical Conditioning being applied to practical problems?being applied to practical problems?

• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?

• B) using methadone for heroine addicts.

• C) applying electric shock to depressed patients.

• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make them sick if they drink.

6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is 6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings reinforced with monetary winnings

on a _____ schedule.on a _____ schedule.

• A) fixed-interval

• B) variable-interval

• C) fixed-ratio

• D) variable-ratio

7. In ____, a response is 7. In ____, a response is strengthened in order to avoid strengthened in order to avoid something unpleasant.something unpleasant.

• A) punishment.

• B) negative reinforcement.

• C) partial reinforcement.

• D) positive reinforcement.

8. Even when punishment changes 8. Even when punishment changes behavior, it has several drawbacks, behavior, it has several drawbacks, including:including:

• A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response.

• B) punishment may result in fear of the one punishing.

• C) effects may be only temporary.

• D) all of the above.

9. Resistance to extinction is most 9. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement. reinforcement.

• A) intermittent

• B) delayed

• C) continuous

• D) negative

10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat 10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you would place some out of your hand, you would place some bird seed closer and closer to you until it bird seed closer and closer to you until it finally had to come to your hand. This is finally had to come to your hand. This is

called:called:

• A) intermittent reinforcement.

• B) shaping.

• C) partial reinforcement.

• D) continuous reinforcement.

11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates older brother does so. This illustrates

the importance of:the importance of:

• A) respondent behavior.

• B) immediate reinforcement.

• C) shaping.

• D) modeling.

12. Albert Bandura contends that 12. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: most human behavior:

• A) is acquired through observational learning.

• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and error.

• C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.

• D) is planned out and not accidental.

13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll 13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, he demonstrated: experiment, he demonstrated:

• A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior.

• B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it.

• C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior.

• D) children will imitate aggressive behavior is reinforced with candy.

14. Research on children viewing 14. Research on children viewing violence on TV is related to their own violence on TV is related to their own aggressive behavior in that: aggressive behavior in that:

• A) there is only a “modest” correlation.

• B) there is no real correlation between the two.

• C) its effects are only temporary.

• D) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation.

15. Based on what researchers have 15. Based on what researchers have found about the effect of modeling on found about the effect of modeling on behavior,behavior,

• A) we can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV.

• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV.

• C) all of the above.

• D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change the way people behave.

16. After a week at college, Kim has 16. After a week at college, Kim has formed a mental representation of the formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. She has developed a:gets lost. She has developed a:

• A) visual memory.

• B) perceptual delineation.

• C) cognitive map.

• D) retinal disparity.

17. The fact that learning can occur 17. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:demonstrated by studies of:

• A) shaping.

• B) latent learning.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) computer-assisted instruction.

18. The desire to engage in an 18. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves:enjoyment involves:

• A) spontaneous reinforcers.

• B) spontaneous recovery.

• C) intrinsic motivation.

• D) latent learning.

19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ______ in learning.importance of ______ in learning.

• A) primary reinforcement

• B) generalization

• C) negative reinforcers

• D) biological predispositions

20. According to Thorndike’s Law of 20. According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, when responses are followed Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant: by something unpleasant:

• A) the response is strengthened.

• B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided.

• C) the response is weakened.

• D) the CR is extinguished.

21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding 21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: illustrates:

• A) generalization.

• B) secondary reinforcement.

• C) shaping.

• D) latent learning.

22. By pushing vending machine buttons, 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children often learn that this action is children often learn that this action is associated with the delivery of a candy associated with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:underlying:

• A) latent learning.

• B) intermittent reinforcement.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) operant conditioning.

23. For purposes of effective child-23. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the rearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____.use of _____ over _____.

• A) shaping; modeling

• B) reinforcement; punishment

• C) spontaneous recovery; extinction

• D) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

24: A child’s fear at the sight of a 24: A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):hypodermic needle is a(n):

• A) conditioned response.

• B) unconditioned stimulus.

• C) conditioned stimulus.

• D) unconditioned response.

25. In explaining juvenile 25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:most likely have emphasized:

• A) inherited predispositions.

• B) unconscious conflicts.

• C) faulty child-rearing practices.

• D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the 1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the bell is the:dog’s salivation to the bell is the:

• A) unconditioned stimulus.

• B) unconditioned response.

• C) conditioned stimulus.

• D) conditioned response.

317

2. Jimmy was frightened by a 2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of:This is an example of:

• A) stimulus generalization.

• B) stimulus discrimination.

• C) unconditioned response.

• D) unconditioned stimulus.

320

3. After repeatedly presenting the CS 3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, the CR will gradually without the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This is called:disappear. This is called:

• A) extinguished reaction.

• B) extinction.

• C) stimulus discrimination.

• D) stimulus neutralization.

319

4. Once extinction has occurred, the 4. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may return if enough time has CR may return if enough time has passed. This is an example of:passed. This is an example of:

• A) spontaneous remission.

• B) stimulus generalization.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) conditioned recurrence.

319

5.5. Which of the following would be an Which of the following would be an example of Classical Conditioning example of Classical Conditioning being applied to practical problems?being applied to practical problems?

• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?

• B) using methadone for heroine addicts

• C) applying electric shock to depressed patients

• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make them sick if they drink

323

6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is 6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a reinforced with monetary winnings on a

_____ schedule._____ schedule.

• A) fixed-interval

• B) variable-interval

• C) fixed-ratio

• D) variable-ratio

332

7. In ____, a response is 7. In ____, a response is strengthened in order to avoid strengthened in order to avoid something unpleasant. something unpleasant.

• A) punishment

• B) negative reinforcement

• C) partial reinforcement

• D) positive reinforcement

329

8. Even when punishment changes 8. Even when punishment changes behavior, it has several drawbacks, behavior, it has several drawbacks, including:including:

• A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response.

• B) punishment may result in fear of the one punishing.

• C) effects may be only temporary.

• D) all of the above.

333

9. Resistance to extinction is most 9. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement. reinforcement.

• A) intermittent

• B) delayed

• C) continuous

• D) negative

331

10. If you want to teach a pigeon to 10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you would eat out of your hand, you would place some bird seed closer and place some bird seed closer and closer to you until it finally had to closer to you until it finally had to come to your hand. This is called:come to your hand. This is called:

• A) intermittent reinforcement.

• B) shaping.

• C) partial reinforcement.

• D) continuous reinforcement.

328

11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates older brother does so. This illustrates

the importance of:the importance of:

• A) respondent behavior.

• B) immediate reinforcement.

• C) shaping.

• D) modeling.

341

12. Albert Bandura contends that 12. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: most human behavior:

• A) is acquired through observational learning.

• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and error.

• C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.

• D) is planned out and not accidental.343

13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll 13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, he demonstrated: experiment, he demonstrated:

• A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior.

• B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it.

• C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior.

• D) children will imitate aggressive behavior is reinforced with candy.

343

14. Research on children viewing 14. Research on children viewing violence on TV is related to their own violence on TV is related to their own aggressive behavior in that: aggressive behavior in that:

• A) there is only a “modest” correlation.

• B) there is no real correlation between the two.

• C) its effects are only temporary.

• D) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation.

345

15. Based on what researchers have 15. Based on what researchers have found about the effect of modeling on found about the effect of modeling on behavior,behavior,

• A) we can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV.

• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV.

• C) all of the above.

• D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change the way people behave.

343

16. After a week at college, Kim has 16. After a week at college, Kim has formed a mental representation of the formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. She has developed a:gets lost. She has developed a:

• A) visual memory.

• B) perceptual delineation.

• C) cognitive map.

• D) retinal disparity.

334

17. The fact that learning can occur 17. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:demonstrated by studies of:

• A) shaping.

• B) latent learning.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) computer-assisted instruction.

334

18. The desire to engage in an 18. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves:enjoyment involves:

• A) spontaneous reinforcers.

• B) spontaneous recovery.

• C) intrinsic motivation.

• D) latent learning.

335

19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ______ in learning.importance of ______ in learning.

• A) primary reinforcement

• B) generalization

• C) negative reinforcers

• D) biological predispositions

336

20. According to Thorndike’s Law of 20. According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, when responses are followed Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant: by something unpleasant:

• A) the response is strengthened.

• B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided.

• C) the response is weakened.

• D) the CR is extinguished.

327

21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding 21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: illustrates:

• A) generalization.

• B) secondary reinforcement.

• C) shaping.

• D) latent learning.

320

22. By pushing vending machine buttons, 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children often learn that this action is children often learn that this action is associated with the delivery of a candy associated with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process bar. This best illustrates the process underlying: underlying:

• A) latent learning.

• B) intermittent reinforcement.

• C) spontaneous recovery.

• D) operant conditioning.

326

23. For purposes of effective child-23. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the rearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____.use of _____ over _____.

• A) shaping; modeling

• B) reinforcement; punishment

• C) spontaneous recovery; extinction

• D) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

333

24: A child’s fear at the sight of a 24: A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):hypodermic needle is a(n):

• A) conditioned response.

• B) unconditioned stimulus.

• C) conditioned stimulus.

• D) unconditioned response.

317

25. In explaining juvenile 25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:most likely have emphasized:

• A) inherited predispositions.

• B) unconscious conflicts.

• C) faulty child-rearing practices.

• D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society.

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AnswersAnswers

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. C

5. D

6. D

7. B

8. D

9. A

10. B

11. D

12. A

13. B

14. D

15. C

16. C

17. B

18. C

19. D

20. C

21. A

22. D

23. B

24. A

25. C