Chapter 8

JEFFERSONIANISM AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

Age of JeffersonElected 1800

Mixed opinion Recognized need for smooth transition from Federalist to Republican government Stressed importance of acceptance of basic principles of constitutional government

Worries Racial tensions

Race war, Colonization of Africa Threats to American liberty

High taxes, standing armies, and public corruption States needed more power, more responsive to the people

Virtue Most virtuous = farmers Least virtuous= merchants/factory owners

Jefferson’s RevolutionWanted to restore

liberty and tranquilityRepublican Ideals

Limits central government

Erases national debt by convincing Congress to repeal taxes, close foreign embassies, and reduce standing army

Also eliminated federal jobs and repeals Whiskey excise tax

Balances Federalist IdealsMaintains National

bankContinues Hamilton’s

debt repayment planContinues foreign

neutrality of Washington and Adams

Jefferson and the JudiciaryJudiciary Act of 1801

From 6 to 5 Supreme Court Justices

16 new federal judgeships Adams’ fills with

Federalists 1802 Congressional repeal

Midnight judges Adams appoints Justice of

the Peace and Judges before leaving office

Madison does not deliver commissions

Marbury v. Madison 1803 Marbury sues John Marshall

Madison should have signed BUT

Under no legal obligation the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional

DOCTRINE OF JUDICAL REVIEW Supreme Court has power

over other two branchesImpeachment

John Pickering, Samuel Chase

Jefferson wanted judiciary more responsive to will of the people

Outrageous behavior impeached

Louisiana Purchase 1803Threats

Spain cedes territory to France

Threatens Jefferson’s vision of an Empire of Liberty

1802 Spanish revoke Pinckney Treaty

Sends Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate

Napoleon Failure in Santo Domingo Refocuses on war in Europe Offers entire LA territory for

$15 million

Problem Nothing in constitution Jefferson puts aside ideals and

claims it as an application of executive power to make treaties

Consequences Doubles size of US Removes foreign presence Guarantees expansion of

frontier Strengthens Jefferson’s hopes

of future based on agricultureLewis and Clark 1804

Expedition to LA territory Toussaint Charbonneau,

Sacajawea Reach Pacific Ocean 1805 Invaluable scientific, cultural,

and geographic information

The Gathering Storm Election of 1804

Overwhelming wins Federalist dispirited

Aaron Burr Yanked from VP Joins “High” (Extreme)

Federalists Plans secession of NE Wanted to be Gov. of NY

Hamilton Duel Challenges Hamilton at

Weehawken 1804 Kills Hamilton

New Scheme James Wilkerson Mexico and LA territory Put on Trial Presided over by John

Marshall Not guilty for Treason

Quids Led by John Randolph Country ideology Believed Jefferson had

compromised too much in office

Yazoo Scandal 1795 Georgia sold Yazoo tract

of land to land companies at fraction of value

Legislature was bribed Next legislature cancelled

sale Moral Challenge for Jefferson Solution: 1803 Federal

Commission awarded 5 million acres (of original 35 million acres) to Yazoo Investors

Suppression of American Trade and Impressment

Americans prospered off of war b/w Britain and France

Rule of 1756 Broken Voyage

Repackaging in US ports 1805 British declared

illegalOrders of Council

British order blockade of French ports

French respond with seizure of British ships

Cancelled out US tradeBritish Impressment

Humiliating Impressed ex- Royal Navy

Embargo act of 1807 Jefferson’s answer to the

Chesapeake- Leopard affair Most controversial

legislation of Jefferson’s Prohibited sailing to foreign

ports Supposed to only limit

exports “peaceable coercion”

Consequences Hurts Americans more than

British or French Hard on farmers, seaman,

merchants Hardest on NE, Mass Positive: merchants focused

on manufacturing instead

Writing WorkshopThomas Jefferson’s first term as President

was so successful that he overwhelmingly won re-election in 1804. His second term, in contrast, was marked by frustration and failure. Discuss the achievements of Jefferson’s first term and the problems that beset his second.

James Madison 1808

Madison/ George Clinton= Republican

Pinckney/King= Federalist Federalists have modest

comeback in CongressMadison

Believes liberty rests on virtue of people (farmers)

Agricultural prosperity dependent on trade

Congress repeals Embargo Act of 1807 with Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Opens trading Except Britain/France

Economic Recession 1808, 1810 Leads to election of War

hawksMacon’s Bill No. 2

Restored trade with Britain or France if they recognized US neutrality and not trade with enemy

Napoleon's deception

On the Verge of WarProblems

Warhawks called for British explusion from Canada and Spanish from FlordiaWarhawks elected to

Congress election of 1810Pro- WarHenry Clay, John Calhoun

1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne Indiana Territory Gov.

William Henry HarrisonAttracts settlers with landOutrages tribes

Tecumseh and the ProphetShawnee chief and

brotherUnites tribes against

whitesMeets with HarrisonHarrison attacks

Shawnee town at Tippecanoe River

ConsequencesHarrison becomes a

heroDiscredits the prophetPersuades Tecumseh to

side with British

Congress votes for warReasons

Violation of US neutrality rights

Troubles with British on western frontier

Unpopular war “Mr. Madison’s War” People not for it Against

Southern Federalists Quids NY, NJ, New England

(merchants *) For

Northern Federalists Southern / Western

Farmers Republicans in PA, MD, VA

Justified by British impressments British violations of

neutral rights British incitement of

Indians Economic recession

caused by British policy and actions

War of 1812Problems

Lacked strong navyLargest British forceThought Canada would

not be a challengeFocus on Canada

Main attackMajor losses

1812- surrendered Detroit to British

1812- lose Battle of Queenstown

1812- militia fail to attack Montreal

Success finally!Gen. William Henry

Harrison retakes Detroit defeats British at Battle of Thames

Gen. Perry Destroys British squadron

at Put-n-Bay, Lake Erie

British offensiveNapoleonic wars overConcentrate mainly in

north at Lake Champlain Strategy to split NE and

south unsucessful

End of the WarBritish attack

ChesapeakeOriginally to district from

Lake ChamplainMost successfulBurn Washington, D.C.Attack Baltimore

unsuccessfulSouthern Campaign

US Gen. Andrew JacksonAlabama, Mississippi,

LouisianaFights Indians/ BritishBattle of New Orleans

2 weeks after Treaty Most dramatic battle

Treaty of Ghent 1814US delegation

Henry Clay Albert Gallatin John Quincy Adams

Signed Christmas EveRestores status quo

ante bellum (status before war)

Says nothing about grievances before war

Meanwhile… Hartford Convention

Federalist meet 1814NE states close to

secessionPass resolutions

summarizing grievances Abolish 3/5th compromise 2/3 vote to declare war

and admit new states 1 term president Only 2 consecutive

presidents from same state No more embargos over

60 days

ProblemTiming disasterousTreaty of Ghent and

Jackson’s victory dash hopes of public support

Election of 1816 swept by James Monroe Handpicked by Madison 4th VA president

Federalists all but finished

War’s Legacy United States gains

respect from other nations

US accepts Canada as neighbor and part of British empire

Federalist party comes to an end

Talk of nullification and secession would set a precedent later used in the South

Native Americans abandoned by British, give up huge amounts of land

US factories built during British blockade, America heading towards industrialism and self-sufficiency

Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison become war heroes and future presidents

Strong feelings of nationalism

American future lies in West, way from Europe

Awakening of American Nationalism

New Symbols White House Star-spangled banner

Madison’s Nationalism Political consequences of

War Eliminated Federalists Convinced Republicans

nation was strong embraced Federalist

policies Message of Congress 1815

Federal support for internal improvements

Tariff protection for new industries from Embargo

New National Bank

Henry Clay “American System”

Protective tariff National bank Internal improvements

Tariff of 1816 1st protective tariff Protected US

manufacturers from influx of British goods

Monroe’s Era of Good Feelings Supported by new

generation, new nationalism Take on Federalist ideas Avoided political

controversies “paper thin”

John Marshall and Supreme Court 1818

Dartmouth College v. Woodward NH couldn’t turn college

into public university Contract for a private

corporation couldn’t be altered by a state

McCulloch v. Maryland Issue whether MD had the

right to tax a branch of the US bank

Ruling: Loose interpretation

allowed for creation of bank Implied power

State could not tax an agency of the federal government

Consequences Republicans mad

Attack on state sovereignty Against Republican belief

that the union was a compact among states

Stripped states of power to impose will of people over corporations

Panic of 1819 Bank tightens loans Value of money fell Severe economic

depression Worst in the west Shook nationalists beliefs

changed voter outlook Called for land reform Opposition to National

Bank

Missouri Compromise 1820-1821

Controversy over statehood

1819 11 free states, 11 slave Would upset balance of

powerImportant because

Would set precedent for slave states in northern part of LA territory

Would bring up every issue that would be important for next 40 years

Tallmadge Agreement Prohibited further

introduction of slaves to MI Children of slaves freed at

25

Threat of Secession leads to compromise Preserve balance of

slave/free states Maine admitted as free state

Slavery prohibited north of 36 degrees 30

Missouri tries to block free blacks which leads to second compromise:

Henry Clay Missouri could not

discriminate against citizens of another state

Doesn’t define who a citizen is

Reinforces Ordinance of 1787 that Congress has right to prohibit slavery in territories

Election of James MonroeOverwhelmingly wins

popular voteVoting base comes from

younger generationIts said that he was a

man of “the highest integrity” according to Thomas Jefferson and couldn’t hold a grudge

Optimistic patriotic themes

Federalists begin to fade

Political Changes

Republican Federalist

Old Republicans

-Limited Government-Strict interpretation-States rights

New Republicans

-National Bank-Protective Tariffs- Internal Improvements

Foreign Policy under Monroe 1816-1824

Reflected consensus more than conflict

Secretary of state John Quincy Adams excellent diplomat

Strengthened peace with Britain

Treaties Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817

Demilitarizes Great Lakes British American Convention

1818 Restores fishing rights to

US Fixes boundary between US

and Canada to Rockies Oregon “Free and Open”

SpainUS seizes West Florida

1812Gen. Andrew Jackson

invades East FloridaBurns Seminole villagesSpanish scared

Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental) 1819US gets all of Florida

and Oregon TerritoryGave up TexasNew border in west

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Americans requiring reputation for being aggressive

Written by AdamsSupposed to be a joint

statement with Britain

Main points Unless US interests

involved, US is staying out of European Wars

American continents were not subject for future colonization by any European power

Any attempt against would be construed as “unfriendly”

Excluded Would support revolutionary

movements in Europe Use doctrine to claim

preeminent position in New World