Chapter 8Human Growth

and Development

Life Stages

Infancy: birth to 1 year

Early childhood: 1–6 years

Late childhood: 6–12 years

Adolescence: 12–20 years

Early adulthood: 20–40 years

Middle adulthood: 40–65 years

Late adulthood: 65 years and older

Growth and Development Types Physical: Body Growth

Mental: Mind Development

Emotional: Feelings

Social: Interactions and Relationships with others

Four Types above occur in each stage

Erikson’s Stages ofPsychosocial Development Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst

8 stages of Psychosocial Development

Each stage establishes the foundation for the next

A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage

If a person is not able to resolve the conflict, the person will struggle with the conflict later in life.

Infancy Basic Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust Major life event: Feeding

Age: birth to 1 year old

Most dramatic and rapid changes

Newborn 6-8 lbs. 18-22 inches

End of 1st year weight 21-24 lbs. 29-30 inches

Muscles & Nerves Dramatic changes

Startle, rooting, sucking, grasp reflex

4-6 months show emotion

4 months recognize caregivers, 6 months shy away from strangers, 12 months interact with familiar people

Toddler Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Major life event: Toilet Training

Age: 1 – 3 years

20-25 lbs. 30 inches

Run, Climb Grab, developing

Short Attention span

Self Awareness & recognize their effect on others

Accept or defy the limits

Self-centered

Fear any separation

Reassurance without overprotection

Preschool Basic Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt Major life event: Independence

Age: 3–6 years old

Run, Climb, grab freely

1,500 2,500 words. Ask frequent questions

Uses imagination

Learns right & wrong. Conscience

Gain more control over emotions

Learn to Trust other people

Sociable , friends important

Be responsible without feelings of guilt

School AgeBasic Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority Major life event: School

Age: 6–12 years old

4-7 lbs. per & 2-3 inches per year

Complex motor development

Fears replaced with the ability to cope

Approval of others, follow behavior of the group

Form groups of their own sex

Make friends more easily

Spend more time with others their own age, less time with parents

AdolescenceBasic Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion Major life event: Peers

Age: 12–18 years old

Often traumatic life stage

“growth spurt” 25 lbs. gain & several inches can occur in months. 11-13 girls 13-15 in boys

Muscle coordination cannot keep up, clumsiness

Puberty

Establish identity & independence.

Worry about their appearance, ability & relationships

Respond to peer group influences

Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding

Eating Disorders

Often develop from an excessive concern with appearance

Anorexia nervosa

Reduces food intake or refuses to eat

Bulimia

Binge (excessive) eating and then fasting. May induce vomiting or use laxatives to remove food that has been eaten

More common in females

Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat these conditions

Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence

Chemical Abuse

Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical

Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence

Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases

Treatment towards total rehabilitation

Reasons Chemicals Used

Trying to relieve stress or anxiety

Peer pressure

Escape from either emotional or psychological problems

Experimentation

Seeking “instant gratification”

Suicide

One of the leading causes of death in adolescents

Permanent solution to temporary problem

Impulsive nature of adolescents

Most give warning signs which include:

Withdrawal or moodiness

Neglect of personal hygiene

Alcohol or drug abuse

Lose of interest in hobbies or life interests

Injuring one’s body

Giving away possessions

Reasons for Suicide Depression

Grief over a loss or love affair

Failure in school

Inability to meet expectations

Influence of suicidal friends or parents

Lack of self-esteem

Increased Risk

Family history of suicide

A major loss or disappointment

Previous suicide attempts

Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)

Early/ Young Adulthood Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation

Major life event: Love Relationships

Age: 20–40 years old

Physical & mental complete, prime childbearing time

Most productive life stage

Decision making, forming judgments

Emotional stresses related to career, marriage, family

Take responsibility for their actions, find satisfaction in achievements, accept criticism, profit from mistakes

Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)Basic Conflict: Generosity vs Stagnation Major life event: Parenting

Age: 40–65 years of age

Physical decline. Hair grey, skin wrinkle, muscle weak, hearing loss, menopause in women

Mental development

Emotionally contentment & satisfaction or time of crisis

Job stability, financial success, good health, end of child rearing

Job loss, fear of aging, marital or children problems, aging parents

Family relationships decline as children move out and parents die.

Marriage may improve with more time or divorce as couples stayed together for the children's sake

Late Adulthood Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs DespairMajor life event: Reflection on and Acceptance of Life

Age: 65 years of age and older

Skin dry, wrinkled, thin loose. Brown age spots. Bad posture from loss of cartilage. Bones weak, muscle tone loss, memory loss

Alzheimer’s – Memory loss, intellectual function, speech & balance

Some elderly happy & enjoy life, lonely, depressed, withdrawn

Retirement can lead to loss of self-esteem. Death of spouse or friends. Nursing homes.

The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love

Death and Dying

Death is “the final stage of growth”

Experienced by everyone and no one escapes

Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist

Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death

Terminal Illness -Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death

Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace

Research(continued)

Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research

She identified five stages of grieving

Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages

Stages may not occur in order

Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once

Stages of Death and Dying

Denial—refuses to believe

Anger—when no longer able to deny

Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time

Bargain with God for more time

Turn to religion

Depression—realizes death will come soon

Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die

Right to Die

Since health workers are ethically concerned with promoting life, allowing patients to die can cause conflict

“right to die” patients can refuse measures that would prolong life

Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken

Hospice encourages LIVE promise

Learn about end-of-life care

Implement advanced directives

Voice decisions

Engage others about end-of-life care options

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow a psychologist

An individual must meet the lower needs in order to move to higher needs

Physiological Needs

Safety & Security

Love and Affection

Esteem

Self-Actualization

Needs

Physiological

Food, water, oxygen, shelter

Safety

Secure environment. Free from anxiety & fear

Love and Affection

Social acceptance, friendship & to be loved

Esteem

Feeling important & worthwhile

Self Actualization

Reach full potential