CHAPTER 8 ATTENTION AS A LIMITED CAPACITY...
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Chapter 8 1 CHAPTER 8 ATTENTION AS A LIMITED CAPACITY RESOURCES
Transcript of CHAPTER 8 ATTENTION AS A LIMITED CAPACITY...
Chapter 8 1
CHAPTER 8
ATTENTION AS A LIMITED CAPACITY RESOURCES
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THIS CHAPTER’S CONCEPT
Preparation for and performance of motor skills are influenced by our limited capacity to select and attend to information
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ATTENTION AS A HUMAN PERFORMANCE LIMITATION
Detecting information and features in the environment
Observing
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THEORIES OF ATTENTIONFilter or bottleneck theory
Central-resource capacity theory
Multiple Resource Theory
Continued
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Filter or Bottleneck TheoryProcess information seriallyBottleneck cannot take in all the information
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Central Resource Capacity Theory
There is a central reserve of resources for which all activities complete for.
The amount of available attention can vary depending on task, individual (arousal state), and situation.Each persons decides how much attention will be given (allocates) to an activity in order to carry out the task.
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Central Resource CapacityAttention capacity will increase or decrease due to:
One arousal levelType of taskHow people allocate attention
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Multiple Resource TheoryWe have several attention mechanisms, each having limited resources
Input & output modalities (e.g. limbs, vision)Stages of information processing (e.g., perception, memory, response output)Codes of processing information (e.g., verbal, spatial)
Each resource pool is specific to a component of performing skills.Success in performing comes sharing different or common resources.
Two tasks share common resources, they perform less wellTwo tasks compete for different resources, they perform well
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Attention & Cell Phones while Driving
Half of the motor vehicle accidents in U.S. can be related to cell phone use.
Using the three theories explained above, why is driving influenced by cell phone usage??
Filter theory explanation (filter)Central capacity theory explanation (allocation)Multiple resources theory explanation (same or different resources)
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Process of AttentionRules of attentionSuccess in Performing two or more tasks
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Rules of AllocationEnduring dispositions(always will attend)
-Novelty-Presenting an old stimulus in a new way-Cocktail phenomonen (your name)
Momentary Intentions-Instructions-Demonstrations
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Success in Performing two or more task at the same time
Depend upon…..
If is meaningful, that is, we allocate our attention to the taskIf the demands of the tasks do not exceed the common If the two skills require different resources
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PROCEDURES FOR ASSESSING ATTENTION DEMAND
Determines the attentional demand of that activity by noting the degree of interfere caused on one task being simultaneously performed with another task.Dual Task Procedures
Probe techniqueContinuous task technique
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FOCUSING ATTENTIONWhere people direct their attention to special features in the environment and to actions of the activity.
Width (broad or narrow)Direction (internal or external)Attention switching (shifting attention rapidly from one situation to another)
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FOCUSING ATTENTION IS A MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
When we perform we need to maintain a flexible (attention switching) attentional focus in both width and direction.
Stress causes attention problemsSinger’s Strategy in performing a closed skill:
Relax then visualize then focus then perform
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Should I focus on my movements or on the effects of one’s own movements?
Internal versus External Question
Action effect hypothesis (Prinz, 1997)Performer directs their attention focus to the movement effects, they perform the skill at a higher level than when their attention focus is on their own movement.
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ATTENTION AND AUTOMATICITY One performs a skill without engaging in an information-processing activity on attention capacity.
Automaticity is acquired through practice (Logan)
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HOW AUTOMATED DO COMPLEX SKILLS BECOME?
Performer process not bits of information but “chunks”
Experts chunks are bigger as compared to beginners
Chunking enables the expert to perform more than one task in fluid manner.
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SUMMARYHumans have limited resource capacity in attentionAttentional focus is where and how we direct our attentionWe have rules that direct our attentionChunking enables one to perform skill automaticallyWe need to maintain a flexible attention focus when performing
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Part II: Visual Searching
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VISUAL SEARCHProcess of directing visual attention to locate relevant environmental cues.Process usually occurs during the preparation stage for performing.
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EXAMPLE OF VISUAL SEARCHING
Can you find the improper letter(s) from hyg?hyghyghyghyghyghyghyghyghyghyzhyghyghyghyghyghyxhyghyghyghygthyhyghyghyghyghyyhyghyghygyghhyghyghyghyghygh
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SELECTIVE VISUAL SEARCH
Role vision plays in directing visual attention to environmental information
Sometimes referred to as “cues”These cues affect our preparation and performance
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Is selective visual searching a passive or active process?
Does it just happen or do we need to be learn to attend to the cues of a movement?
Little of both!!WE must actively search search for cues based on our own intentions and there are just some cues we will pick up automatically based on their distinctiveness.
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EXAMPLES OF VISUAL SELECTION ATTENTION
Hey coach! What should I watch for in returning her serve?When I get on first base, what should I watch for in the pitchers move to first that will help me steal second base?
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INVESTIGATING VISUAL SEARCH Video Simulation Technique
temporal occlusionevent occlusion
Eye movement recording
records where the eyes lookMeasures central visionPeripheral vision plays a major roleMay underestimate visual attending
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Temporal Occlusion
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Event Occlusion
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HOW TO SELECT VISUAL CUES?Performer actively looks for specific cues that will enable him or her to achieve a specific skill or action.Performer actively visually searches the environment according to specific intended actions.
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Why do we pick one cue over another?
During visual search…We first initially group stimuli together according to their unique features (e.g., shape, color)These features form mapsOnce maps are formed we attempt to identify (pop out) specific cues based on the demands of task or cues of interest
Feature Integration Theory
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What makes certain features or cues more distinctive than others?
Cues or feature of movement is unexpected
Meaningfulness
Novelty
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VISUAL SEARCHING & ACTION PREPARATION
Visual search picks up critical cues which influences three parts of the action preparation:
Action selectionConstraining of the selected action (e.g. arm motion of the serve)Timing of action initiation
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VISUAL SEARCHING RELATED TO MOTOR SKILLS
BADMINTON Experts use the time prior to shuttle contact
Racquet and arm are primary sources
BASEBALLHITTING
Experts identify every pitch
Fixate on release point of pitcher
TENNIS SERVE Experts strategy is different
Focusing on specific features early
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VISUAL SEARCHING RELATED TO MOTOR SKILLS
SoccerEye tracking is different for expert than novice
Fixated more on the positions and movement of others.
Driving a carEye fixations were different for expert versus novice
Expert drivers look more immediately in front of the car and to the left; fixation are shorter
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VISUAL SEARCHING RELATED TO MOTOR SKILLS
Shooting abasketball
Experts lookeddirectly atbackboard orhoop longer
Non expertsdid not fixatelong enoughprior to release
Putting a golfball
Experts have alongerpreparationperiod
Visualattention isrelated tochange in headposition
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VISUAL SEARCHING RELATED TO MOTOR SKILLS
Prehension while walkingEyes must be fixed on the object!!
Eyes determined the location and distance of the object
Avoiding an objectTo avoid one must know the relative location or motion of the object
Person needs to fixate on the object if he/she wishes to avoid the object.
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Influence of Distractors on Prehension
What extent does other objects have on the prehension of the primary object?
Relevant to selective attentionRelevant to rehab
Other objects increased reaction time, movement time, and altered the reach & grasp of the object to avoid the other objects.One needs to included the other objects differing in shape, size, texture, and color when developing prehension skills.
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Visual Search TrainingGeneralized visual search training has been found to be not effective where as performance situational visual training has been found to be effective.
Need to have specific patterns that relate to the activitySport specific
Effective rehab contexts to facilitate performance of skills requiring visual search remains to be determined.
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VISUAL SEARCH STRATEGIESBecome experienced with the activity and environmental contextInstruct what to look for and attend to!Provide sufficient practiceMake sure the “key environmental cues” are present when practicingSport specific training
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Rules that determine how we allocate our attention
Enduring dispositions
Momentary intentions
Allocation of attention
