Chapter 8 5 th Grade Science Weather Patterns. Layers of Air ______ - made up of 8/10 nitrogen and...
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Transcript of Chapter 8 5 th Grade Science Weather Patterns. Layers of Air ______ - made up of 8/10 nitrogen and...
Chapter 8
5th Grade ScienceWeather Patterns
Layers of Air
• ______ - made up of 8/10 nitrogen and 2/10 oxygen, small parts of carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases
• _______ of Earth’s atmosphere• Most weather conditions occur in the
________ layer – troposphere• ___________ and ___________ change
through the layers
Air
5 layers
bottom
temperature Air pressure
5 Layers
• Air pressure __________ as you go ___ through the atmosphere– Gas particles get _______ apart and there is _____ air
above5 Layers:1. ___________ - Highest layer2. ___________ -3. ____________4. _____________5. ______________ - bottom layer
decreases up
farther less
ExosphereThermosphereMesosphereStratosphereTroposphere
Heating and Cooling Earth
• Land heats up _____ than water in the sun• Land cools _____ than water• Air above land and water have different
____________.• Differences in temperatures cause:– _________– _________– ___________________
faster
faster
temperatures
winds
storms
Other sorts of weather
Convection Current
• ______________ - caused by different temperatures – gases and liquids rise and sink in a circular pattern.
• ______ - gas particles are closer together than in warm air– Cooler air is _________ than warm air– Cool air _______ and lets the warm air ______
above it
Convection current
Cool air
heavier
sinks rise
6 Convection Currents
• __________________ form above the Earth• Warm air from the _______ rises and then
cools as it moves north and south• ______________________ - the combination
of movement of huge convection currents and the spinning of the Earth on its axis
• Winds blow from _______ to _______
6 huge convection currents
Tropics
Regional surface wind patterns
West East
Jet Streams
• _________ - found high above the ground between the 6 huge convection currents– Band of very fast ________ formed by different
temperatures between convection currents– Causes changes in ______, ___________, and
____________ by affecting the movement of air
Jet Streams
winds
wind temperatureprecipitation
Study Diagram on Page 232-233
Air Masses
• __________ - large body of air with similar properties (_________ and ______________) all through it
• Air masses move because of ______• Some air masses are guided by the _________• At the edge of an air mass, _______ may occur• There are __ kinds of air masses – the kind of
weather depends on the air mass in that area.
Air Massestemperature Amount of Water vapor
winds
Jet Streams
storms
4
4 Air Masses
• ________________ - air mass from this area is cold and fairly dry because the land near the poles is not very moist
• ________________ - humid air with lots of moisture because of evaporation over tropical oceans and rainforests
• _________________ - air is cold and moist because cold ocean water near the poles evaporates
• _________________ - warm and fairly dry from hot desert air
Continental Polar Air
Maritime Tropical Air
Maritime Polar air
Continental Tropical Air
Fronts
• ________ - a boundary between two air masses
• Air masses and fronts move from _____ to ____ across the United States
• A ______ gets its name from the kind of air that moves into the area.
• Example: cold front = ______, warm front =_________
Front
westeast
front
Cold airWarm air
Fronts Continued
• _____________ - a front that does not move very much or it moves back and forth over the same area.
• Areas of rising air near fronts have ______________ than areas in the middle of air masses
• Rising air masses at fronts often cause ____________
Stationary front
Lower air pressure
Rain or snow
Cold Front / Warm Front
• __________ - cooler air moves into an area and forces warmer air to move upwards quickly
• The rising air forms ___________ along the steep boundary
• Heavy precipitation often falls near a _______• ________ - warmer air moves against cooler air.
Warmer air rises above the cooler air• Clouds of a warm front often move ______ and
cause longer periods of __________
Cold Front
Cumulus clouds
Cold Front
Warm Front
slowlyprecipitation
Severe Weather
• ___________ includes thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes
• __________ - caused by strong, quickly rising currents in moist air: Three stages– 1st Stage: Clouds grow as moisture _________ in
the rising air. The clouds have both __________ and ____________
– 2nd Stage – precipitation begins to fall – storm has both upward and downward _____________
Severe weather
Thunderstorms
condensesIce crystals
Water droplets
Moving currents
Watch / Warnings
• 3rd stage – all of the _________ are moving downward , the clouds get ________ as precipitation falls.
• ______________ - means that severe thunderstorms with high winds and hail might form
• ________________ - means that severe thunderstorms have formed and people should prepare for them appropriately
currentssmaller
Severe Storm Watch
Severe Storm Warning
Tornadoes
• Layers of _____ in a storm blow at different _________ or in different ________
• Between the layers, a ______ of air starts spinning.
• The spinning column of air is called a ___________
• When the funnel cloud touches the ground it is called a _______.
winds
speeds directions
column
Funnel cloud
tornado
Tornado Warning
• Tornados can move at hundreds of ________ per hour
• The winds can be strong enough to move ____ and ________.
• After a warning people should take ______ in the lowest part of a building like a __________
• No ________ near the _____ of the building
kilometers
cars
buildings
shelter
basement
windows center
Hurricanes
• Hurricanes get energy from ______________.• Water vapor from the ocean ________ and
releases ______.• Under the right condition, the ________
builds and drives the _____ of a hurricane to land.
• Once the hurricane reaches land, the ______ is reduced.
Warm ocean waters
condensesenergy
energy
winds
energy
Hurricane Warning
• Winds of a hurricane are __________ as a tornado, but they can be more ________.
• To prepare for a hurricane, people must ________________, ___________, and ________
• Flashlights and battery powered radios• Most important – STAY INSIDE or leave if the
authorities call for an evacuation
Not as fast
destructive
Board up windows Store foodwater
Weather Instruments
• ________ - shows air pressure• ___________ - measures wind speed – wind
makes the cups of the instrument spin around• ________ - measures moisture in the air• ___________ - measures how much rain has
fallen• _______ - measures the winds and
precipitation during a storm
barometer
anemometer
hygrometer
Rain gauge
radar
Weather Predictions
• ______________ - observe patterns of weather change and make _________
• _________ - conclusions of how air, land, and the steps of the water cycle affect each other to make ___________.
• Forecasters make ________ about the weather in the future based on their ________
Weather forecasters
inferences
inferences
Weather systems
predictions
inferences
Forecasts
• Forecasters make predictions by assuming that _______ weather conditions will behave like similar weather in the _____
• Forecasters use __________ to display the data• Triangles and circles point in the direction that
the _____ is moving• Fronts are always in places of __________• ___________ = clear skies
currentpast
Weather maps
front
Low pressure
High pressure
Climate
• _______ - the average of weather conditions over a period of time
• Climate includes the average amount of ___________, the average ________, and how much ___________ changes over a period of time.
• __________ and _________ are not the same thing – climates do not change, weather changes.
Climate
precipitation temperaturetemperature
Climate weather
Landforms affect Climate
• Higher land is ________ because temperatures ________ with height in the troposphere.
• _________ on opposite sides of a mountain vary.
• The ______ side of the mountain gets more precipitation than the ____
• ________ can affect a climate by slowing the rise and fall of the air temperature
coolerdecrease
Climates
westEast
Oceans
Oceans and Climate
• The temperature of air on land warms and cools faster than the temperature of the air over an ocean.
• _____________ can make climate warmer or cooler
• ________________________ are large currents that carry warm water northward
• The water warms the _____ above it• __________ - make the coastal climate cooler
Ocean currents
Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift
winds
Cold Currents
Climate Change
• ________ have changed throughout history• _______ help scientists make assumptions
about ancient climates• Climates can change as the result of:– ______________– _______________________– _____________________
Climates
fossils
Volcanic EruptionsAsteriod or meteorite impacts
Burning coal and gasoline