Chapter 7The Greek Adventure

Three Epochs of Ancient Greek HistoryMinoan-Mycenaean Age Hellenic periodHellenistic Age

Geography and Political Development

• Greece is shaped by its geography– many small islands and mountainous southern tip– Little suitable land for large scale farming

• No place within Greece was 80 miles from the sea• Greeks expert sailors with ships, shipping was livelihood• Travel and trade by sea easier• Geography encouraged political fragmentation

– Own sense of community and identity– Only secondarily shared common culture and

language

THE MINOAN CIVILIZATIONS

• Origins of Greek civilization traced to Crete• Found urbanized civilization around 2000 BCE• Cretan culture called Minoan (Minos, mythical king of

Crete)• Not known if Minoans were Greeks but part of the

formation of Greek civilization• Islanders established a seaborne commercial network • Became wealthy through their mastery of the sea• Wealth produced a socially complex society (tiny states

with kings)

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATIONS

• Mycenaeans, mainland Indo-European people– invaded Crete– destroyed island settlements– took over trading network

• Our knowledge comes from archaeological excavations and epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey

• Trojan War – probably caused by Mycenaean’s trade rivalry with Troy

• Mycenaeans engaged in extensive internal warfare– Fell to the Dorians– Dark Ages began as culture declined

Map 7.1

Early Hellenic Civilization

The Polis (pl poleis)

• Community of free persons making up a town

• Could be any size: Athens 300,000 people

• Each polis a political and cultural unit, but also as part of distinct “Greek” culture

• Polis, frame of reference for all public life

Early Hellenic Civilization

• Not everybody was a citizen– Women excluded– Many resident were aliens– Many slaves– Included only free males over age 20

• Each polis had same economic and demographic design– Town of varying size, surrounded by farms, pasture,

woods– Artisans, traders, import-export merchants,

intellectuals, artists etc.– Most Greeks were peasants, workers

Athens and Sparta

• Two poleis dominated Greek life and politics

• They came into conflict• Four types of government known to the

Greeks– Monarchy– Aristocracy– Oligarchy– Democracy

Early Athens

• Original monarchy forced aside by aristocrats• Aristocrats gave way to oligarchs

– Most important oligarch was Solon– Oligarchs gave him supreme power to deal with

discontent– He established a constitution

• Pisistratus made himself sole ruler, gave concessions to common people

• Cleisthenes– True founder of Athenian democracy– Believed the people should have the last word in their

government

Athenian Democracy

• Ekklesia – town meeting– All free male Athenians, met on ad hoc basis– All could speak freely– All could be elected

• Boule– Council of 500 citizens, served 1-year terms– Day-to-day legislature, executive– Supervised civil and military affairs– All male citizens would serve at least one term

• Deme– Territorial unit– Could select certain number of boule members

Athenian Democracy

• Ostracism– “Pushing out” of citizen who did not conform to will of

others– Person had to go into exile, lost all rights of

citizenship

• Democracy– An abnormal system of government– Daring when introduced– Not used again until 18th century– Some poleis adopted similar governments– Resistance even within such poleis

Spartan Militarism

• Sparta differed from Athens in almost every way• Messenian Wars: Sparta fought with nearest

neighbors and won• Defeated people became near-slaves – helotry• Sparta became nation of soldiers and helpers• Economic needs largely met by captive helots

– Worked the fields, did all crafts, commerce– Spartans devoted all their energies to military arts

Spartan Militarism

• Spartans held arts in contempt, rejected individualism– Public life meant total obedience– Government headed by ephors (elected officers)

• Most Greeks admired Spartan way of life– Self-discipline, courage, rigid obedience, physical

vigor– Single-minded patriotism

• Sparta was conservative, non-aggressive state– Army was large and feared, thus rarely used– Became peaceable polis

Persian Wars

• Athens and Sparta concerned with keeping independent of foreign threat (Persia)

• First Persian War – Athenian victory– Athens went to aid rebellious Persian colonies– Persian emperor Darius sent army to Greece– Persians defeated at Marathon in 490 BCE

Persian Wars

• Second Persian War– Even more decisive Greek victory– Other poleis helped Athens– Spartan troops defeated Persians at

Thermopylae in 480– Athenian navy defeated Persians at Salamis

• Greece had turned back Persia• Crucial turning point for Western

civilization

Peloponnesian War431-404 BCE

• No harmony among Greeks after Persian Wars• Athenians under Pericles in conflict with Corinth,

a Spartan ally• Sparta defended Corinth, Pericles responded

with war• Athens thought they could defend against Sparta

indefinitely• War was an intermittently fought deadlock• In 404 Spartans defeated Athenian navy with

Persian help• War was a loss for all concerned

Final Act in Classical Greece

• Greeks continued to fight for two generations• Macedonians took over from north

– Philip of Macedonia turned it into effective, aggressive state

– Took over most of mainland

• City states became provinces of Macedonian Empire

• From then on, Greece was almost always under foreign rule

ALEXANDER AND THE CREATION OF A WORLD EMPIRE

• Alexander reigned for 13 years conquering the world:– an unresisting Egypt– the mightiest empire the world had yet seen, the

empire of Darius III of Persia– tribal kingdoms of the Indus basin and the highlands

to its north (present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan

• The Army exhausted, Alexander led his men back to Persia where he died a year later in Babylon at age 33

Map 7.2

A Mixed Culture• Alexander the Great’s empire disintegrated the day he died• Territories split into kingdoms (Hellenistic kingdoms), each

ruled by one of his generals• Intermarriage was encouraged• Ten-of thousands of Greeks left overcrowded, resource-poor

Greece to make their names and fortunes under Greco-Macedonian control

• Greek values/ideas were imposed on Asiatics and Egyptians• Greek rulers failed to duplicate the polis of shared

government and interdependent community• Accepted the monarchy and became subjects• Indian Hindu/Buddhist world introduced to the Western world• Direct trade contacts between India and the Mediterranean

Greeks and Easterners in the Hellenistic Kingdoms

THREE MAJOR KINGDOMS:• Ptolemaic, Kingdom of Egypt

– General Ptolemy captured Egypt and ruled as a divine king, like the pharaohs

– By 100s BCE, Egypt became a hybrid society - Greeks and Egyptians intermixed

• Seleucid, Kingdom of Persia– General Seleucus ruled from India’s borders to the Mediterranean– Kingdom began to lose pieces to rebels because of its large expanse– Immigrant Greeks mixed with locals especially in Syria and Turkey– When Romans invaded the western areas, most of the east was lost

• Antigonid Kingdom– General claimed the Macedonian homeland and part of Greece– Rest of Greece divided into city-states vying for political and economic

supremacy– Both fell to the Romans in the middle 100s BCE

Discussion Questions

1. The polis was the organizational unit of Greek civilization. What commonalities exist between the polis and the modern city? What does the modern city have that the polis did not? Are there advantages to living in the polis; what are they?

2. The rule of the people was one of Athens’ most enduring developments, yet it differed from modern ideas of democracy. What comparisons can you make between Greek and modern democracy? Are there advantages of the Athenian model over the modern one?