Chapter 7: The Geography of Languages and Religions Introduction to Geography.
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Transcript of Chapter 7: The Geography of Languages and Religions Introduction to Geography.
Chapter 7: The Geography of Chapter 7: The Geography of Languages and ReligionsLanguages and Religions
Introduction to Geography
Language & ReligionLanguage & Religion
►2 most important forces that 2 most important forces that bond & define human culturesbond & define human cultures
Defining LanguageDefining Language► Pronunciation & combination of words used to Pronunciation & combination of words used to
communicate within a group of peoplecommunicate within a group of people Unique way of dealing with facts, ideas, conceptsUnique way of dealing with facts, ideas, concepts Variations in language Variations in language differences in thinking about differences in thinking about
►Space & timeSpace & time►Things & processesThings & processes
► Develop among people who Develop among people who interact regularly interact regularly
► Reflect relative isolation inReflect relative isolation in past past
► Spread bySpread by Relocation diffusionRelocation diffusion Contagious diffusionContagious diffusion
Language RegionsLanguage Regions► LanguageLanguage
Major patterns of difference in Major patterns of difference in communicationcommunication
► DialectsDialects Minor variations within languageMinor variations within language
► Standard languageStandard language Follow formal rules of diction & Follow formal rules of diction &
grammargrammar► Official languageOfficial language
Country’s records are kept & Country’s records are kept & business is conducted in this business is conducted in this languagelanguage
► Lingua francaLingua franca 22ndnd language for international language for international
discoursediscourse
Linguistic GeographyLinguistic Geography► Study of different dialects across spaceStudy of different dialects across space
Differ in: pronunciation, grammar, vocabularyDiffer in: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary Vary more in speech than writingVary more in speech than writing
► Speech communitySpeech community Local group of people who Local group of people who
speak togetherspeak together► IsoglossesIsoglosses
Lines marking places of same Lines marking places of same language featureslanguage features►Often follow physical featuresOften follow physical features
► Geographical dialect Geographical dialect continuumcontinuum Chain of languages across area Chain of languages across area
with divergence increasing with with divergence increasing with distancedistance
World’s Major LanguagesWorld’s Major Languages► 6,000-7,000 distinct languages6,000-7,000 distinct languages
77 have 10 million speakers as 77 have 10 million speakers as 11stst language language
► 50% of world population speak 50% of world population speak 1 of 12 major languages 1 of 12 major languages
► Most spoken:Most spoken: Chinese (1.2 billion)Chinese (1.2 billion)
► EnglishEnglish 328 million speakers328 million speakers Official language of 50 Official language of 50
countriescountries
Official LanguagesOfficial Languages
Language DevelopmentLanguage Development► Language among isolated Language among isolated
peoplepeople Complete expression of Complete expression of
experienceexperience Drift: divergence if group Drift: divergence if group
spreads outspreads out Retain genetic relationshipRetain genetic relationship
► Relations among languagesRelations among languages Protolanguage (root language): ancestor to all related languagesProtolanguage (root language): ancestor to all related languages Language family: languages Language family: languages
related by descent from common protolanguagerelated by descent from common protolanguage► Cognates: words that are similar because share common Cognates: words that are similar because share common
rootroot► Etymology: study of word origins & historyEtymology: study of word origins & history
Indo-European Language Indo-European Language Family Family
► Proto-Indo-EuropeanProto-Indo-European Identified by Sir William Jones (1786)Identified by Sir William Jones (1786)
►Common ancestor of many modern languagesCommon ancestor of many modern languages
► Grimm’s LawGrimm’s Law Set forth by Jacob Grimm (1785-1863)Set forth by Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) Rules to describe sound shifts as languages divergedRules to describe sound shifts as languages diverged
► OriginOrigin Vocab describing Vocab describing
environmental environmental conditionsconditions
Modern Turkey ~ Modern Turkey ~ 8,000 years ago8,000 years ago
World’s Language FamiliesWorld’s Language Families
Geography of WritingGeography of Writing►OrthographyOrthography
System of writingSystem of writing►SumeriansSumerians►OlmecOlmec
► AlphabetsAlphabets RomanRoman CyrillicCyrillic ArabicArabic KoreanKorean
► Non-alphabeticNon-alphabetic ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese
Examples of Orthography
Distribution of Alphabetic Scripts in Distribution of Alphabetic Scripts in EurasiaEurasia
ToponymyToponymy► Study of place namesStudy of place names►Origin of toponyms:Origin of toponyms:
Natural featuresNatural features Origins/values of Origins/values of
inhabitantsinhabitants Beliefs, religionsBeliefs, religions OccupationsOccupations Current or past heroesCurrent or past heroes
Minnesota Minnesota Place NamesPlace Names
National LanguagesNational Languages
► Complicated relationship Complicated relationship between languages & between languages & nationalismnationalism Single-country languageSingle-country language Languages spoken in Languages spoken in
multiple countriesmultiple countries Major definer of nationalityMajor definer of nationality
►Nation buildingNation building Mother tongues or Mother tongues or
Philological nationalismPhilological nationalism Role of educationRole of education Political pressurePolitical pressure
Language in Post-Colonial Language in Post-Colonial SocietiesSocieties
► Language of colonial Language of colonial ruler as language ofruler as language of GovernmentGovernment LawLaw Economic developmentEconomic development EducationEducation
► Former colonial Former colonial languagelanguage Useful for businessUseful for business Avoids arguments Avoids arguments
about which language about which language to useto use
Former colony as more Former colony as more powerful determinant powerful determinant of languageof language
Polyglot statesPolyglot states►Having multiple official languagesHaving multiple official languages
Each language official in its own regionEach language official in its own region One language selected for government, One language selected for government,
communication among regionscommunication among regions Linguistic division by social classLinguistic division by social class
U.S. LanguagesU.S. Languages► English always lingua English always lingua
francafranca►Distinct “American Distinct “American
English”English”► 3 major dialects in 13 3 major dialects in 13
coloniescolonies►Official language?Official language?
World’s Major ReligionsWorld’s Major Religions► Systems of beliefs regarding conduct in Systems of beliefs regarding conduct in
accordance with sacred writings or accordance with sacred writings or authoritative teacherauthoritative teacher Orthopraxy: Orthopraxy: Behavior-orientedBehavior-oriented Orthodoxy: Orthodoxy: Theological/philosophicalTheological/philosophical
World’s Major ReligionsWorld’s Major Religions► FundamentalismFundamentalism
Strict adherence to traditional beliefsStrict adherence to traditional beliefs► SecularismSecularism
Excludes religions considerations as scientifically Excludes religions considerations as scientifically unproveableunproveable
► Ethnic vs. UniversalizingEthnic vs. Universalizing
World’s Major ReligionsWorld’s Major Religions
JudaismJudaism► 11stst monotheistic religion monotheistic religion► 15 million adherents15 million adherents► Beliefs:Beliefs:
Covenant between Abraham & GodCovenant between Abraham & God PentateuchPentateuch
►11stst 5 books of Old Testament 5 books of Old Testament
► SectsSects Orthodox, Conservative, ReformOrthodox, Conservative, Reform
► IsraelIsrael Zionism: desire to return to ancient Zionism: desire to return to ancient
homeland of Israelhomeland of Israel Homeland for Jewish peopleHomeland for Jewish people Created 1948Created 1948 Conflict between Israel & PalestineConflict between Israel & Palestine
ChristianityChristianity►OriginsOrigins
Emerged from JudaismEmerged from Judaism Belief God lived on Earth as Jesus Christ Belief God lived on Earth as Jesus Christ
► Coptic ChurchCoptic Church Founded in Founded in
Alexandria in A.D. 41Alexandria in A.D. 41►Official religion of Official religion of
Roman EmpireRoman Empire Facilitated Facilitated
geographical spreadgeographical spread►Dark AgesDark Ages► Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation► Significant growth in Africa, Asia and Latin AmericaSignificant growth in Africa, Asia and Latin America
IslamIslam
►Muhammad (570-632)Muhammad (570-632)► 5 Pillars of Islam5 Pillars of Islam
Belief in one God (Allah)Belief in one God (Allah) 5 daily prayers5 daily prayers Generous almsGenerous alms Fasting during Fasting during
RamadanRamadan Pilgrimage to Mecca Pilgrimage to Mecca
(hajj)(hajj)► SectsSects
SunniSunni ShiiteShiite
Diffusion of IslamDiffusion of Islam
Hinduism & SikhismHinduism & Sikhism►Hinduism Hinduism
Most ancient religious Most ancient religious tradition in Asiatradition in Asia
Vedas – sacred textsVedas – sacred texts Reincarnation Reincarnation CastesCastes
►Brahman, priestBrahman, priest►Kshatriya, warriorKshatriya, warrior►Vaisya, tradesman & farmerVaisya, tradesman & farmer►Sudra, servant & laborerSudra, servant & laborer
UntouchablesUntouchables► Sikhism Sikhism
Offshoot of HinduismOffshoot of Hinduism Guru NanakGuru Nanak
BuddhismBuddhism► Siddhartha Gautama – born Hindu Siddhartha Gautama – born Hindu
Buddha – Enlightened OneBuddha – Enlightened One
► 4 Noble Truths4 Noble Truths Life involves sufferingLife involves suffering Cause of suffering is desireCause of suffering is desire Elimination of desire ends Elimination of desire ends
sufferingsuffering Right thinking & behavior Right thinking & behavior
eliminate desireeliminate desire
► NirvanaNirvana► Diffused from IndiaDiffused from India
Other Other ReligionsReligions
► Eastern ReligionsEastern Religions ConfucianismConfucianism TaoismTaoism ShintoShinto
► Animism & Animism & ShamanismShamanism Animism Animism
►Belief in ubiquity of Belief in ubiquity of spirits or spiritual forcesspirits or spiritual forces
ShamanismShamanism►ShamanShaman
Religion & PoliticsReligion & Politics► Government attitude toward Government attitude toward
religionreligion Most countriesMost countries
►Freedom of religionFreedom of religion►Some degree of secularismSome degree of secularism
► TheocracyTheocracy Church rules directlyChurch rules directly
► Separation of church & stateSeparation of church & state IslamIslam
► FundamentalistsFundamentalists►Sharia lawSharia law►Governments only purpose is to Governments only purpose is to
aid in leading good Muslim lifeaid in leading good Muslim life
► TerrorismTerrorism
Geography of Religion in the Geography of Religion in the U.S.U.S.
►Colonial religionColonial religion Colonies founded as Colonies founded as
theocraciestheocracies Established churches until Established churches until
after Independenceafter Independence►Bill of Rights prohibition Bill of Rights prohibition
of of established church established church
►Freedom toFreedom to WorshipWorship ProselytizeProselytize
►ResultsResults World’s most religious World’s most religious
country?country? AffiliationAffiliation
► 78% Christian78% Christian► 4.7% other religions4.7% other religions► 16% unaffiliated16% unaffiliated
Indirect Impacts of Religion on Indirect Impacts of Religion on GovernmentGovernment
►National ethics & morals from National ethics & morals from dominant religion dominant religion
►EducationEducation►Religious leaders as popular Religious leaders as popular
leaders leaders►Religious-based political partiesReligious-based political parties►Financial powerFinancial power►States split into 2 or more States split into 2 or more
religions religions►Religion & women’s Religion & women’s
rights rights OrdinationOrdination Plural marriagePlural marriage DivorceDivorce Political involvement?Political involvement?
Religion & DietReligion & Diet►HinduismHinduism
Cattle as sacredCattle as sacred Used only as draft animals and for milkUsed only as draft animals and for milk
►Muslims Muslims PorkPork AlcoholAlcohol
►JewsJews Prohibit porkProhibit pork
►Impact onImpact on AgricultureAgriculture World tradeWorld trade
World Distribution of Hogs
Economic Economic ImpactImpact
►Withdrawal of resourcesWithdrawal of resources Burial practicesBurial practices Life in religious serviceLife in religious service
► Protestantism, Catholicism & Protestantism, Catholicism & capitalismcapitalism
► Confucianism vs. Confucianism vs. individualismindividualism
Religion, Science & the Religion, Science & the EnvironmentEnvironment
►Origin of world Origin of world ►Sacred placesSacred places►CalendarsCalendars►Festivals at certain times Festivals at certain times
of of year year
►Relationship with natureRelationship with nature Exploitive approachExploitive approach Adaptive approachAdaptive approach
►Science: Question of Science: Question of beginning of life & beginning of life & embryonic research embryonic research
Religious LandscapesReligious Landscapes►Houses of worshipHouses of worship►PilgrimagePilgrimage►Religious administrative Religious administrative
structure as identity structure as identity►Burial practicesBurial practices
CremationCremation BurialBurial
End of Chapter 7