Chapter 7 The Emperor’s New Clothes

A. 1. a) The emperor b) The suit would be invisible to fools and also to people who were not fit for their jobs. It helps to identify the wise men from the foolish. c) yes 2. a) The two weavers. b) They were making a suit for the emperor. c) They were putting expensive silk and gold thread into their bags. They were cunning. 3. a) the old wise man b) Because he could see only empty looms. c) The beautiful coloured fabric that the weavers said was on the looms. 4 a) A little child b) He said this in all childlike truthfulness, because, in fact, the Emperor was wearing no clothes. c) Yes. It was because they thought they would be considered fools as the weavers had made a suit for the Emperor that was supposed to be invisibles to fools.

1. What was the Emperor’s passion? He had passion for new clothes and had different clothes for each hour of the day.

2. What did the weavers claim that they could do? They could weave fabric of beautiful colours and patterns which would be invisible to fools and who were unfit for their jobs.

3. Why did the Emperor’s men claim that the cloth woven by the weavers was splendid?

They feared if they said they could not see any cloth, they would be considered fools or unfit for their jobs.

4. Why did the Emperor parade down the street? What were the people’s reactions? His parade was for showing his new suit. All the people exclaimed at the beauty and magnificence of his new suit entirely.

5. What is the message of the story? The story teaches us that we should always stand up and speak out the truth regardless of what others may think of us. We should never blindly believe anything without evidence. We also learn that children, in all their innocence speak the truth.

Chapter 8

Beowulf the Mighty Hero

1. Why was the hall built in King Hrothgar’s Kingdom? The hall was built in king Hrothgar’s kingdom to celebrate their victories in battle and as a reminder of King Hrothgar’s successful reign over the kingdom.

2. Who was Beowulf? Why did he come to Denmark? Beowulf was a Swedish hero who had many brave and heroic deeds to his credit. He came to Denmark to help King Horthgar by saving him and his men from the evil Grendel.

3. Describe the battle between Beowulf and Grendel. Beowulf waited in the centre of the Hall beside the fire while his men were stationed around the Hall. When Grender came to the Hall at night, there was a fight between Grendel and Beowulf, at the end of which Beowulf left with Grendel’s one shoulder and arm before Grendel ran away to the lake.

4. Why did the misery of the people not end with Grendel’s death?

The misery of the people did not end with Grendel’s death as Grendel’s mother came to seek revenge for their son’s death.

5. How did Beowulf free the land of monsters? Beowulf freed the land of the dreaded Grendel and his mother and vowed to stay there and continue to free the land of any monsters.

6. What makes Beowulf a true hero? Apart from the fact he rid the land of Grendel and his mother, Beowulf was a true hero because he was fearless and courageous and fought bravely even if it meant a risk to his own life.

Chapter 9

The bat

B 1. At night, the bat flies in haphazard patterns through the trees.

2. In lines 3 and 4, the bat is described as immobile to the extent that he appears lifeless whereas in lines 5and 6, the bat is described as being in continuous motion among the trees.

3. On seeing the bat up close, the poet is scared.

4. Open ended answer

5. Open ended answer

C 1

a) The bat is referred to as the cousin of the mouse

b) Both the mouse and the bat are inactive and rest during the day.

c) The bat likes to live in the attic of old houses.

2. a) The bat

b) At night, he flies among the trees in crazy patterns.

c) He is seen among the trees facing the corner light.

Chapter 10

Jeannie’s Amber Beads

A. Answer with reference to the context.

1. a) Kenneth’s wife

b) Jeannie was the speaker’s granddaughter

c) It was gifted by the speaker’s husband as wedding gift.

2. a) Kenneth

b) The necklace has been called ‘a piece of nature’ because it was made of amber which is naturally formed by the hardening of a sap from the bark of trees.

c) Jeannie

3. a) The author is speaking about the kind of storm that reaches right down to the seabed and causes disturbances in the sand on the seabed.

b) Jeannie’s grandfather.

c) He carved out the beads from it and made a necklace of them, which he gave to his wife as a wedding gift.

B. Answer these questions

1. Jeannie was poor. The words/phrases from the text that support this are ‘home was a little hut’, ‘food was soup and bread’, ‘father kept sheep’, ‘instead of wearing a coat, he wrapped himself in a plaid for protection from the cold’.

2. Jeannie treasured her necklace of amber beads because it had been given to her by her grandmother on her twelfth birthday.

3. The amber beads on Jeannie’s necklace had the colour of bright sunshine, gave off a lovely scent when rubbed and some of the beads held moss, ferns and insects within them.

4. Jeannie’s grandfather found a lump of amber on the beach one day. He carved out beads from it and made a necklace which he gave his wife as a wedding gift.

5. There is a kind of pine that gives out shinning, yellow, sticky, fragrant sap. The insects get attracted by the smell and once they sit on the gum, they get stuck and the sap oozes over them and covers them. Thus they get trapped inside the hardened amber.

6. A great storm brought the lump of amber close to the shore.

Chapter 11

Urashima Taro and the Sea Princess

A. Answer to the context

1. a) Urashima b) He wanted to save turtle from naughty boys. c) The speaker was very compassionate to all living. 2. a) The turtle said these words to Urashima b) The turtle could speak c) Yes. 3. a) Sea princess b) When a group of boys were hurting turtle, Urashima requested for turtle. As they refused he offered some money and freed the turtle.

c) By way of gratitude, the speaker invited the other person to palace and asked him to take her as his bride.

4. a) According to the speaker, Urashima was making a joke. b) He knew that Urashima had lived in that house three hundred years ago and hence found it a joke that the young person standing in front of him should be Urashima. c) Yes, because he himself was Urashima and knew he had been away for three days.

5. a) Speaker received the Box of the jewel Hand. b) The speaker had lost his home, his parents and everything in his hometown. c) No. if he opens the box, the speaker is likely to face further troubles as disobedience and not keeping one’s word is always ends in punishment.

B. Answer the questions.

1. Urashima first met the turtle one day as he was returning home. A group of boys were hurting it and he saved it and send back to the sea. 2. Urashima met turtle second time on the next day in the sea when he was boating. The turtle suggested that he accompany him to see the Sea King’s palace.

3. The palace of the Dragon King of the sea, located at the bottom of the sea, had a fish as the gatekeeper. The palace had a beautiful garden that displayed four seasons all at once. 4. In the sea, Urashima had the boons of eternal youth and joy, as also endless wealth which neither time nor age could touch.

5. Because he was joyful and wonderstruck at the beauty and kindness of the princess.

6. Summer has been described with the green trees and chirping cicadas and crickets. The blooming chrysanthemums and the fiery maples describe autumn. The ice-covered ponds and the ground, trees and bamboos covered with silver snow describe winter. The singing nightingales and the flitting butterflies amidst the blooming plum and cherry describe spring.

7. He remembered his aging parents and being Japanese, he understood his duties towards his parents. 8. The box contained a small purple cloud which covered Urashima’s face. It reversed Urashima’s boon of eternal youth.

Chapter 12

A green cornfield

A

1. The poet was in the cornfield.

2. The skylark was hanging between the earth and the sky. It looked like a tiny speck above the corn.

3. The poet was there till the sunset.

4. Apart from the poet, the listener was the skylark’s own mate.

B

1. a) The setting of the poem is a cornfield b) The soaring skylark and the tender green corn in the field are two sights that make the poet happy. c) The melodious sounds that the poet hears are the song of the skylark.

2. a) The poet

b) The poet heard the song of the skylark.

c) The poet, in the closing lines, says that perhaps the skylark’s mate sat in their nest listening to the skylark’s song longer than the poet did.

CLASS 6

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

HISTORY & CIVICS

1. The Aryans migrate to india around 1500Bc from Central Asia. 2. Aryans who came from central Asia and settled in the saptsindhu

region around 1500 BC were known as Indo Aryans. 3. Aryans came to india from central Asia. 4. The Aryans first settled in Punjab. 5. Aryans settled in the valleys of river Ganga and Yamuna in later

Vedic age 6. Story of the Characters and Achievements of the heroes. 7. Ramayana and Mahabharata.

8. The head of the family at Vedic age was called Grihapati. 9. Sabha and Samiti are the two assemblies which took up all the

important matters relating to the jana. 10. A type of coin in use during the Rig Vedic period was known

as Nishka . CLASS VI HISTORY

Chapter 1(b) The River Valley Civilizations

Short Answers 1.) Name the two rivers on which the Mesopotamian civilization flourished ? The Euphrates and the Tigris 2.) Name the chief Gods worshipped in Mesopotamia Enlil, Marduk, Assur, Ishtar 3.) Who was Hummuravi ? Hummuravi was a great king of the Mesopotamians 4.) What was Stylus ? Sharp point used to make grooves on a hard surface. 5.) Define sexagesimal The system of counting of Mesopotamians was sexagesimal 6.) Name the civilization which flourished on the banks of then river Nile ? Egyptian Civilization 7.) What is a mummy ? A preserved human body is known as a mummy 8.) What is Hieroglyphic script ? The script which is used by the Egyptians are called Hieroglyphic script 9.) Who deciphered the Hieroglyphic script Champollion 10.) What are Pagodas ? A religious building on a sacred tower of pyramidical form

11.) Name the most important occupation of the people of the Hwang-Ho civilization Agriculture 12.) Mention the periods of the following civilizations : (i) Mesopotamian 5000 BC (ii) Egyptian 3000 BC to 2000 BC (iii) Chinese 4500 BC

Long Answers 1.) Analyses the main occupations of the Mesopotamian people Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. The domestication of animals such as cows, goats, oxen and asses and using them for their benefit was another occupation of the Mesopotamian people. There were goldsmiths blacksmith weavers etc. 2.) There were three social classes in the Mesopotamian society explain? The upper class , which comprised of the ruling class , the nobles ,

the royal people and high officials The middle class. Which consisted of landlords, merchants and

trades. The lower class consisted of slaves, the labor class and the tillers

of the land. 3.) Discuss Hammurabi’s code of law?

His laws covered every aspects of life. These laws were 282 in number.

The code recognized the division of society in to rich men, poor men and slaves and prescribed different punishments for different class for the same crime.

The code also contained rules about family life , trading , treatment of works

4.) Explain the contribution of the Egyptian civilization in the development of the world civilization? The Egyptians developed the solar calendar They gave to the world the measurement of triangle and

rectangle They also developed the decimal system of counting

5.) Why is Egypt called the gift of Nile? Egypt is a large country located in the eastern part of the sahara

desert. Expect for the narrow strip of fertile and stretching along the banks of the river nile, the rest of the country is desert. The nile is thus nature’s gate boon to Egypt. With the help of canals, dykes and reservoirs all along the course of the river, Egypt has developed an excellent agriculture. The nile has also served as a national highway for water transport because of this river Egypt became the birth place of the word’s oldest civilization. Rightly then, Egypt was called the gig tog nile by the Romans.

6.) Write a note on the contribution of the Mesopotamian in the growth of knowledge? The Mesopotamian made a great contribution in the growth of knowledge. Thousands of clay tablets have been dug out from under the earth. From these clay-tablets, it appears that the Mesopotamians were interested in literature, especially in stories, poems, hymns and epics. 7.) Write a short note on the teachings of Confucianism? Confucian believed in humility towards all He taught that admission of one’s error is a great virtue. He taught his followers to respect their elders and ancestors.

Chapter 1 Section B- civics Rural local self government

Q A) short answer:- 1) When power is taken away from central and state government

and given to local government is called decentralization. 2) Balwant Rai Mehta committee recommended decentralization. 3) a) Panchayat village level

b) block samiti – block or tehsil level c) block or distric level

4) panchayati raj is a form of local government in the rural areas . 5) Rural self government. 6) Gram sabha ( village assembly) Gram panchayat ( village panchayat) Nyay panchayat 7) Every adult male or female who is 18 years of age or above is a member of gram sabha. 8) The gram sabha. 9) The state election commission is responsible to conduct the election of gram panchayat. 10) Taxes on houses and shops Taxes on fairs and markets 11) The village panchayat elects the member of nyay panchayat. 12) Essential or compulsory functions and optional or voluntary functions. B) long answer questions:- Q1) The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems or issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their localities . they also have better ideas how to and where to spend money and manage things more efficiently .Keeping all thewse in minds our constitution makers recommended the system of panchayati raj at local level. Q2) Panchayati raj is a form of local government in the rural areas. In the rural areas the local administration at the local level is looked after through a three tier system- Panchayat- village level

Block samities- block or tehsil level Zila parishad- distric level All these three put together are called panchayati raj.

Q3)There is one nyay panchayat for three to four villages. The village panchayat elects members of nyay panchayat. The nyay panchayat is given the authority to perform certain judicial functions it deals with minor cases of trespass, thefts and petty crimes.for small disputes no lawyers are needed thus these are settled quickly. Q4) 1) construction and repair of village roads and water ways. 2) construction and repair of village wells and tanks. 3) provision of lights on roads and streets. 4) collection of rents. 5) keeping a records of births and deaths. 6) supply of good seeds and fertilizers. 7) supersion of primary school.

Q5)A village panchayat is a committee of five ederly and responsible persons of a village . it is believed that God himself dwelt among them , so their decisions and their judgements were respected by all , in all matters concerning the village and the people. Panchayats have been set up on similar lines as directed under the 73rd amendmends of the Indian constitution.

Q7)The panchayat secretary is a paid officer of panchayat he maintains records and registers of the work done by the panchayat .

He also prepares its accounts . He is appointed by the district magistrate or the deputy commissioner.

Geography Lesson-4 Australia lAnd and its Resources.

1. Answer in one or two sentences:-= 1. Why is Austaralia called an island continent?

Ans. Australia is surrounded by oceans and there for , is known as an island continent.

2. Name the six physical divisions of Australia? Ans. The western plateau , The central low land , the eastern high lands, the great artesian basin, the great barrier reef, the rift valley of Australia. 3 Which area is known as the Australian Alps? Ans. Eastern high lands.

3. Which part of Australia ts affected by monsoon winds ? Ans. Eastern castal area. 5 Which is the most common tree native to Australia? Eucalyptus 6. What are Marsupials? Animals that have pouches to keep their young ones are called Marsupials. 7. which animal has many features of a bird? Ans. Platypus. 8. What are Artesian wells? Ans. Wells in which water rushes up to the surface of its own accord. 9. Name the three minerals that are the major exports of Australia? Ans. Iron, coal, bauxite, 10. which areas of Australia have oil fields?

Ans. Bass strait, Queensland, Northern territory,and Western Australia. 11. What is bauxite used for? Ans. It is used for producing Aluminium. 12. What is the shallow ridge built by corals parallel to the coast known as? Ans. Great Barrier Reef . 13.Which is the precious metal found in Australia? Mention Where it is found. Ans. Gold and it is found Kalgoorlie and coolgardie in western Australia. 14. Why is the Great Barrier Reef called by that name? Ans.It is called the Great Barrier Reef because it acts as a barrier for the movements of ships Pto the coast. Lesson-5 Australia : Political divisions ,people and their Economic activities. 1.who are the aboriginals? Ans. The aboginals are the original settlers of Australia who came from Asia.

2. Why is Australia sparsely populated? Ans. Australia is sparsely populated because of the presence of the deserts.

3. Which area in Australia have a high density of population? Ans. Cities and towns like Sydney , Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth have a high density of population.

4. Why does Australia have a small area under cultivation? Ans. Australia has a small area under cultivation owing to low rain fall and infertile soil

5. Which are the main crops cultivated in Australia? Ans. Rice, barley. Oats millets

6. Name the animal products exported from Australia? Ans. Wool, beef and milk products

7. What is a Sheep station? Ans. Large sheep farms covering thousands of hectares.

8. Why are the paddocks fenced ? Ans. Paddocks are fenced to keep away the rabbits which eat away the grass rapidly.

9. In which areas beef cattles reared? Ans. Beef c attles are reared in the tropical grass lands of Queensland and Northern territory.

10. Name three types of industries of Australia> Ans. Iron and steel industry , Aluminium industryand Engineering industry.

11. Name the states of Australia and their capitals:- Ans. States Capitals NewSouth Wales Sydney Victoria Melbourne Queens land Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Western Australia Perth. Tasmania Hobart Northern Territory Darwin Australian capital territory Canberra

12. Why is dairy farming concentrated along the coast? Ans. Because of the presence of the mild and moist climate

13. Why are the transport facilities by roads and railways not adequate in the interior ? Ans. In these regions population is less more over it is difficult to construct and maintain roads and railways.

14. Why are air services popular in Australia? Ans. It is difficult to construct and maintain road and railways in the interior parts of Australia . So Air services are popular in Australia.

Ans. Euc

CLASS –VI GEOGRAPHY

LESSON-6 NEW ZEALAND

Answer in one or two sentences 1.Which sea separates New Zealand from Australia? Ans: Tasman sea separates New Zealand from Australia. 2- Name the major physical features of New Zealand? Ans- The southern Alps, the high central plateau, mt. cook. 3- What are fiords? Ans- long narrow inlets of the sea with steep walls near the coasts. 4- Where are the fiords located? Ans- Fiords are located towards the south western tip of the south islands. 5- Why is rainfall heavier in the western coasts than in the eastern coast of New Zealand? Ans- The mountains in the central part intercept the moist winds from the west & hence the west coast gets more rainfall than the eastern coast of New Zealand. 6- Why is the pastoral farming the main occupation of the people in New Zealand? Ans- Pastoral farming is the main occupation of the people in New Zealand because of the presence of mild & moist climate. 7- What are different source of power in New Zealand? Ans- Geotharmal power & hydel power are the different sources of power in New Zealand. 8- Write briefly about the people in New Zealand? Ans- Most of the people of New Zealand are of British origin who had settled here about a hundred years ago prior to the arrival of the british a group of people of Polynesian origin called the Maoris used to live here. A small population of these people are still found in the north Island.

9- Name the major cities of New Zealand, mentoning one reason what each of these cities are famous for? Ans- Wellington- The capital of New Zealand. Auck Land- Largest city of New Zealand. Christchurch- It is known for products such as fertilizers, cloth, electrical goods. Dunedin- It is the second largest city. 10- Name some unique animals & birds found in New Zealand? Ans- New Zealand has a rich species of birds such as Kiwi, parson bird, karpa & weka animals like bat & tuatara are found in New Zealand. 11- What is the latitudinal extent of Australia? Ans- 34o S to 53o S. 12- Who are morais? Ans- A group of people of Polynesian origin are called Maoris. 13- Why is South Island cooler than North Island? Ans- The South Island being in the Temperate Zone is cooler than the North Island, which is closer to the tropical latitudes. 1- Why are industries less developed in New Zealand? Ans- Lack of minerals prevents the growth of industries in New Zealand.

Lesson- 7 The Australian aboriginals A case studey

1- Who are Aboriginal Australians? Where did they come from? Ans- The Aboriginal Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent. They have come from Indonesia through a land bridge. 2- What were the main occupation of the Aboriginal Australians? Ans- Agriculture & fish farming were the main occupations. 3- What tools did these people always carry with them? Ans- Aboriginal Australians always carried a spear, a boomerang, wooden shield, gwind stones & a bag with them. 4- How did the Aboriginal Australians prove themselves as successful citizens of modern Australia?

Ans- Today, the Aboriginal Australians have become noted political figures, sports persons, stage actors, writers & artists. 1- Why did the number of Aboriginal Australian decline gradually? Ans- A large number Aborginal Australians were driven out of their land & many died of diseases. Many of them hunted like wild animals. 2- Do you think the Aboriginal Australians had an advanced social life? Ans- No, the din not had an advanced social life. 3- How did the Aboriginal Australians come to Australia? Ans- They have come from Indonesia through a land bridge. CHAPTER 4 Give reasons: 1 changing of water to water vapour is considered a physical change. Ans. changing of water to water vapour is considered a physical change because in this condition no new substance is formed and it is a reversible change. 2. When you mix cement with water, it is considered an irreversible change. Ans. When you mix cement with water, a new substance forms and you cannot get the cement back so it is an irreversible change. Answer in short: 1.Why is breaking of glass a physical , though it is irreversible? Ans. Breaking of glass is an irreversible change because after breaking the glass we cannot get it back but in this condition no new substance is formed so it is a physical change. 2. Give two examples of periodic changes? Ans. Rising and setting of the sun and the moon, blooming of seasonal are examples of periodic change. 3. Define physical and chemical change. Ans. Physical change- A change in which no new substances are formed is called physical change. Ex- Tearing of paper.

Chemical change- A change in which new substances are formed is called chemical change. Ex- Curdling of milk. Answer in detail Q1. Why is digestion of food a chemical change? Ans - when we eat the food it is mixed with saliva and other digestive juices and breaks down into other simpler substances. It is irreversible and total new products are formed. So we can say that digestion of food is a chemical change. Q2. Chemical changes involves change in energy ie. liberation or absorption of heat. Give two examples to support this statement? Ans- The chemical change is generally accompanied with either liberation or absorption of heat. Ex1 take a small quantity of ammonium chloride in a test tube and add water to it. Touch the wall of test tube. We can see that it is cold. in this case heat is absorbed during chemical reaction and this reaction is called endothermic reaction. Ex2 take a piece of quick lime in a test tube and add water to it. You will hear a hissing sound and test tube will become warm . in this case heat liberates during chemical reaction and this reaction is called exothermic reaction. Q3. State four differences between physical and chemical changes. Giving an examples of each. Ans. Physical change:

1. The change takes place only in state, colour, texture, electrical and magnetic properties. however composition remains the same.

2. Specific properties of the substance do not change. 3. No new substances are produced. 4. It is a temporary change and may be reversed.

Chemical change:

1. The change takes place in state, colour , texture, etc., along with the change in composition(molecular properties).

2. Specific properties of a substance change completely. 3. New substances with new chemical properties are produced. 4. It is a permanent change and cannot be reversed.

Q4 Give an example to show that physical and chemical changes can occur together. Ans – burning of candle is both physical and chemical change . burning of candle melts the wax and hence physical state of wax has changed from solid to liquid . again the wax combines with atmospheric oxygen and change to carbon dioxide, heat and light thus both the changes are accompanied in the burning of candle.

Chapter 5 Give reasons:

1. Carbon dioxide gas is used in fire extinguisher. Ans – CO2 is used in fire extinguishers because it is non-combustible and it displaces the oxygen that is necessary for burning.

2.Nitrogen gas is used in packaging of food. Ans- nitrogen is an efficient , cost effective way to displace oxygen and moisture . Ntrogen reduces the oxygen content in the food packaging and to avoid product deterioration. 3 we should breathe in through our nose and not through our mouth. Ans – nose is lined with tiny hair which act as a strainer and prevent dust entering the lungs. Besides that, breathing through your mouth can cause dry mouth, dry lips and dry throat. Answer in short: Q1. How will you show that oxygen is required for burning?

Ans – light a candle and place it on a table with a glass tumbler over it. You will see the flame becomes smaller and smaller and finally goes out. The candle is not getting oxygen from any source. This shows that oxygen is required for burning. 2 How is the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide maintained in the nature? Ans. The balance of oxygen and CO2 is maintained in the nature by the oxygen released by the plants during photosynthesis and CO2 released by humans, animals etc in the nature. 3 what are the condition required for rusting? Ans. The important conditions for rusting are

a. Presence of air b. Presence of moisture. 4 Why drops of water are seen on the outer surface of the glass containing chilled water? Ans . because there is moisture around us and when we place a glass containing ice-cold water, the vapour cools down and forms a thin layer of water or water droplets on the surface of the glass. 5 Do you think that planting more trees reduce pollution of air ? give reason. Ans . plants are useful to reduce air pollution. Planting trees will help to prevent global warming. They reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and replenishing the oxygen in the atmosphere. Answer in detail.

Q1. Why is percentage of carbon dioxide more in exhaled air than in exhaled air? How do we test the increase in percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air? Ans. There is more CO2 when we breathe out because CO2 is an end -product of the metabolism in human. Sugar, fat and amino acid are broken down to produce energy for the body and CO2 is an unwanted by-product which is returned to lungs and exhaled.

Q 2 . what is photosynthesis ? Name the gas absorbed during photosynthesis. Also name a gas released as a result of photosynthesis. Ans. Green plants use CO2 from the air, water from the soil and light from the sun to make their own food in the form of sugar or starch. this process is called photosynthesis. 6CO2 +6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

During photosynthesis plants absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen gas. Q 3. How will you prove that oxygen constitutes one-fifth of air ? Ans . To show that oxygen occupies one- fifth of air by volume. We shall do this experiment. Fill a trough with water . take a lighted candle and place it carefully at the centre of the trough . now take a glass tumbler and use a marker pen to mark five equal portion on the tumbler. Invert this tumbler over the burning candle you will see that the candle burns for some time and then extinguished. The water rises from the edge of the inverted tumbler to occupy about one-fifth of it. So we can say that oxygen constitute one-fifth of air. Q4 . What are the similarities and differences between combustion and respiration? Ans - Similarities between combustion and respiration- Both of them: 1- Release energy 2- Use oxygen 3- Produce oxides Differences-

1- Combustion is fast process. Respiration is slower than combustion.

2- Combustion may be internal or external. Respiration is always internal.

Lesson-3 USING MAIL MERGE

Q-1 What do you understand by the term mail merge? Ans- Mail merge is a feature used to combine a data source with the main document. It saves our time and energy to send letters at multiple addresses. Q-2 How many documents are combined while using mail merge? Ans- Two documents are combined while using mail merge: 1- Data source 2- Main document Q-3 What is a data source? Ans- Data source consists of mailing list, for example name, address, city, pin, telephone no., etc. The data is organized in tabular form. Q-4 What is a main document? Ans- It contains the text that we wish to send to all the recipients. Q-5 How will you create a recipient list to the main document? Ans- Following are the steps to create a recipient list for the main document: 1- select a type new list radio button and click on create option. 2- the new address list dialog box will appear 3- click the customize column button to add or remove fields. 4- enter data and click the new entry button.

Lesson-4 MICROSOFT POWER POINT 2007

Q-1 How will you insert a table in a presentation? Explain any two ways. Ans- 1- to insert a table, click the new slide drop down arrow on the home tab. Select the title and content layout. Click the insert table command. 2- we can insert a table in a slide by clicking the table option on insert tab. Q-2 How will you add rows in a table?

Ans- Select insert option and click on either insert rows above or insert rows below option. Q-3 How can you apply border to a table and change its colour? Ans- *to apply table shading 1- select the design tab 2- click the shading option in the table style group and select group and select any color of your choice. *to apply borders 1- select the rows or columns 2- click the borders tool in the table styles group on the design tab. Q-4 How can you apply a new table style to a table? Ans- To apply table style: 1- select the table 2- click the design tab to access all the table styles and options. 3- click the desired style to select it. Q-5 How will you align the text to the bottom of a cell? Ans- With the help of align bottom button in the alignment group on the layout tab we can align the text to the bottom of the cell. Q-6 What is a chart? Name the components of a chart. Ans- Chart is an effective way to display data in a pictorial form. Components of chart are: 1- chart area 2- category axis 3- value axis 4- data series 5- category name 6- plot area 7- legend Q-7 How will you delete the default data of a datasheet? Ans- To delete all the data from datasheet, move the mouse pointer to the blank button. The mouse pointer changes to large plus sign click the button. The entire datasheet will be selected. Press the delete key.

Q-8 How will you change the chart type? Ans- To change the chart types: 1- Select the chart and click the design tab 2- click the change chart type button in the type group. 3- the insert chart dialog box will appear 4- select any chart type and click OK. Q-9 Explain how a chart layout can be modified. Ans- To modify the chart layout: 1- Select the chart and click the design tab 2- click the more drop down arrow to see all the chart layout options. 3- select any chart layout according to the need.

LESSON-5 Animation text and object

Q-1 What do you understand by animation? How is it helpful in a presentation? Ans- The ability to move objects like text, graphics, charts, logos, etc, in all direction of the slide is called animation. Animation is very helpful to focus on important points. It also controls the order of flow of information and helps to increase the audience interest. Q-2 What is meant by transition? Ans- Transition effects are the movements you see when one slide changes to another in slide show view. Q-3 How will you insert your own sound in a presentation? Ans- To add your own sound to the text, first you have to record your own sound by microphone. Follow these steps: 1- Select the slide 2- click the sound drop down arrow in the media clips group on the insert tab 3- choose the record sound option 4- the record sound dialog box appears now record the sound. Click OK 5- now select the slide show tab and click from beginning button in the start slide show group.

6- click the speaker icon to listen to the recorded sound. Q-4 What is an action button? Why do we use it in a slide? Ans- An action button is a ready-made button shape that can be inserted in a presentation. It can also be used for defining hyperlink.

Chapter 2 MEASUREMENT - I

Short answer type questions 1.) What is measurement ?

The comparison of an unknown quantity with a known fixed quantity of same kind is called measurement.

2.) Define length. Name instruments used to measure it. Length is the distance between any points or places. The most common instruments used to measure length are the metre scale, measuring tapes and ruler.

3.) Name a multiple and a sub multiple of metre and state their relation with metre.

Kilometer is a multiple of metre and centimeter is a sub multiple of metre. 1 kilometre = 1000 m 1 centimetre = 0.01 m

4.) What do you understand by area ? State its SI unit. The amount of substance covered by an object or place is called area. Its SI unit is metre square (m2).

5.) What is volume ? Give its SI unit. The space covered by a substance (solid, liquid, gas) is called its volume. The SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m3).

6.) Name four kinds of apparatus used for measuring the volume of liquids in the laboratory.

Measuring cylinders, measuring flasks, pipettes, burettes etc. are used for measuring the volume of liquids in the laboratory.

7.) State two devices used to measure mass. Beam balance and physical balance are the two devices used to measure mass.

Long answer type questions 1.) What are standard units ? What is the need for standard units of measurement ?

A standard unit is a unit which always has the same measure for everyone. If there is no standard unit it becomes difficult and boring to communicate and compare with others that use different units.

2.) List the precautions to be taken while measuring the length of a wooden block using a meter scale. i.) Always place the object is to be measured on a flat surface ii.) Always place the ruler along the length of the object to be measured.

Iii.) Keep your eye vertically above the point from where you have to measure. iv.) If the ruler is broken, take the measurement of the object from either one cm or any other convenient mark on the ruler.

3.) Describe an activity to find the area of a rose petal. Place the rose petal on the square centimeter paper and draw its outline. Now count the number of complete or almost complete squares within the outline. Add both the numbers. This gives the approximate area of the leaf in square centemetres (cm2).

4.) How would you measure the volume of an irregular solid which is insoluble in water, using a measuring cylinder ?

Pour suitable quantity of water in the measuring cylinder. Note the reading of water level, say R1. Tie the given solid to a thread and immerse it completely into the water. You will observe that the level of water rises. Note the new reading of water level, say R2. The difference between R2 and R1 will give you the volume of the given solid.

Challenge Questions 1.) Earlier people used body parts to measure length. Why is this not an accurate way of taking measurements ?

The lengths of various parts of the human body differ from person to person so the measurements won’t be accurate.

2.) Why do we need multiples and submultiples of fundamental units ? In SI system, some units are not convenient to measure certain quantities. Hence multiples and submultiples of fundamental units are used in measurements

3.) Why do jewelers use a physical balance instead of a common beam balance to measure the mass of gold ?

Jewelers use a physical balance instead of a common beam balance to measure the mass of gold because physical balance is much more sensitive and accurate than a beam balance.

Chapter 3 Measurement II

Short answer type questions 1. What is the SI unit of time? How is it related to a mean solar day?

The SI unit of time is second. 1mean solar day= 24hours= 24* 3600 = 86400seconds

2. Explain the difference between a 24 hr clock and a 12 hr clock In a 12 hr clock time limit is from 12am to 11pm .Am and Pm are used to identify time. In a 24 hr clock time limit is from 00 to 24. Am and Pm are not used in it. It avoids confusion in identifying time.

3. What is temperature? State its SI unit Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.

4. Explain the purpose of a constriction in a clinical thermometer. A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of a clinical thermometer is called a constriction. It prevents the mercury level in the stem from dropping even after the thermometer is taken out of the patient’s mouth.

5. How can you check if a meter scale is accurate?

A correct meter scale has arrow marks on both ends. A meter scale with arrows missing from one or both end is likely to be incorrect.

Long answer questions 1. What is the difference between a laboratory thermometer and

a clinical thermometer? The thermometer used to measure the room temperature or the temperature of hot solids and liquids in a laboratory is called the laboratory thermometer. The stem of the laboratory thermometer has graduations usually marked in degrees from -10 to 110 degree Celsius. The thermometer used by doctors to measure a person’s body temperature is called a clinical thermometer. The capillary tube of a clinical thermometer has a slight bend called constriction.

2. Draw a labeled sketch of a thermometer and mark on it the boiling point of water , melting point of ice and normal human body temperature. [Fig 3.8. Page 32]

3. What do you understand by upper fixed point and lower fixed point of temperatures? State the two fixed points in different scales. The lower fixed point is the temperature at which pure ice melts. This is known as the melting point of ice. The upper fixed point or boiling point is the temperature at which pure water boils. [Draw table 3.3. Page 30]

4. Explain how you will record the body temperature of a patient.

Take a clinical thermometer and check the position of mercury in the stem. Give the thermometer a few jerks firmly so that the mercury falls below the constriction into the bulb. Wash the bulb of the thermometer in running water. The place the bulb gently below the tongue of the person. Let the thermometer remain there for a minute. Take out the thermometer and carefully note the reading of the mercury level in its stem. This gives the body temperature of the person.

5. Explain how the department of weights and measures , govt. of India, helps people? The department ensures that we buy the correct measure corresponding to the amount we pay for an article. The department ensures the both sides of a meter scale has arrow marks. The department puts its stamp on both sides of the central axis of a beam balance and ensures no manipulations are made on it. The lead in the hole of standard weights is stamped by the department to ensure the correctness of weight.

CHAPTER 4 FORCE

Long answer type questions 1. State and explain any four effects of force on an object.

Force produces motion in a stationary object. When you pedal a bicycle, you exert force on its pedal and it starts moving. Force can stop a moving object A cricket ball is stopped by a player by applying a force in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the ball. Force can change the speed of a moving object

If someone gives the swing a push in the direction in which it is moving, it will move faster. Force can change the direction of a moving object If you apply a force on a football by using your foot, the direction of the football changes.

2. Explain gravitational force with an example. Every object in the universe attracts another object with a force called gravitational force. The gravitational force between the sun and the earth helps the earth to revolve around the sun.

3. Define frictional force and list its properties. The force acting between two surfaces in contact and trying to oppose the motion of one surface over the other is called frictional force. Frictional force is produced only when one surface moves over the other The frictional force always opposes the motion of one surface over the other and tries to stop the movement. It depends on the nature of the two surfaces. It depends on the mass of the body. It does not depend on the area of contact of the surfaces.

4. Describe through an activity that frictional force depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. [ACTIVITY 3. Page 45]

5. What are the various effects of friction? Friction opposes motion. A ball rolled over the grounds stops after some time due to friction. Friction produces heat.

When you rub your palms together for a few seconds, they become warm due to friction. Friction causes wear and tear. The tyres of vehicles get worn out wit time because of the friction between the tyres and the road.

6. Give three examples where you think friction is useful We can write on paper due to the friction between paper and pencil. Vehicles can move on the road because of the friction between the road and the tyres. Parts of machines move on each other because of friction.

Short answer type questions 1. Name two types of contact forces.

Muscular force and frictional force.

2. What is electrostatic force? Give two examples. Certain objects when rubbed with some other object, develop the property of attracting or repelling some bodies. This is due to electrostatic force. It is the electrostatic force which makes cereals and pulses stick to the inside of the polythene bags in which they are sold. The electrostatic force is used to separate solid pollutants from smoke coming out from factories.

3. Define frictional force. Give two examples. The force acting between two surfaces in contact and trying to oppose the motion of one surface over the other is called frictional force. When we write, a friction is developed between pen and the paper. A friction is developed between the road and the tyres when vehicles move.

4. Name the different types of non contact forces. Gravitational force Electrostatic force Magnetic force

5. What is done to rusty machines parts to make them work smoothly? Lubricants such as oil or grease are applied to make it work smoothly.

6. How many newtons make one kilogram force? 1 kgf= 10 N