Chapter 7 Social Perception and Attribution An Information Processing An Information Processing...
-
Upload
steven-caldwell -
Category
Documents
-
view
311 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 7 Social Perception and Attribution An Information Processing An Information Processing...
Chapter
7 Social Perception and Attribution
Social Perception and Attribution
An Information An Information ProcessingProcessing
Model of PerceptionModel of Perception Stereotypes: Stereotypes: PerceptionsPerceptions
about Groups of about Groups of PeoplePeople Self-Fulfilling Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Prophecy:
The Pygmalion EffectThe Pygmalion Effect Causal AttributionCausal Attribution
Perception: An Information Processing Model
Competing environmental
stimuli People Events Objects
Interpretation and
categorization
Stage 1
Selective Attention/Comprehensi
on
Stage 2
Encoding and Simplification
Stage 3
Storage and
Retention
Stage 4
Retrieval and Response
MemoryJudgments
and decisions
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
F
C
7-2Figure 7-1
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Perception
Mental and cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundingsSelectOrganizeInterpret
1. Attention
The process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone
Attention is affected by:
ExpectationsMoodSalience
NovelBrightUnusual for the personUnusual for a person’s social categoryUnusual for people in generalExtremely positive or negativeDominant in the visual field
Perception: An Information Processing Model
Competing environmental
stimuli People Events Objects
Interpretation and
categorization
Stage 1
Selective Attention/Comprehensi
on
Stage 2
Encoding and Simplification
Stage 3
Storage and
Retention
Stage 4
Retrieval and Response
MemoryJudgments
and decisions
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
F
C
7-2Figure 7-1
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Encoding and Simplification
Cognitive category – mental structure containing a number of objects that are considered equivalentHelp make sense of environmentLimit our attention
Schema
Schema mental picture of an event or object Network of related
information Impact attention,
encoding, perception Provide context
7-3
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Perception: An Information Processing Model
Competing environmental
stimuli People Events Objects
Interpretation and
categorization
Stage 1
Selective Attention/Comprehensi
on
Stage 2
Encoding and Simplification
Stage 3
Storage and
Retention
Stage 4
Retrieval and Response
MemoryJudgments
and decisions
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
F
C
7-2Figure 7-1
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Storage and Retention
Long-term memoryTypes
EventSemantic – general knowledge about the
worldPerson
Perception: An Information Processing Model
Competing environmental
stimuli People Events Objects
Interpretation and
categorization
Stage 1
Selective Attention/Comprehensi
on
Stage 2
Encoding and Simplification
Stage 3
Storage and
Retention
Stage 4
Retrieval and Response
MemoryJudgments
and decisions
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
F
C
7-2Figure 7-1
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4. Retrieval and Response
Impacted by:AttentionCodingExpectations, mood, salience, etc.
Stereotypes
Stereotype is anindividual’s set of beliefsabout the characteristics of a group of people Type of schema Likely to form
inaccurate stereotypes
Little interaction Experienced conflict Enhance our own social
identity
7-8
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of Stereotypes
Are not always negative May or may not be accurate Can lead to poor decisions and
discrimination
7-9
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stereotyping is a Four-Step Process
1) Begins by categorizing people into groupsAttention
2) Infer that all people in a category possess similar traits or characteristics
3) Form expectations of others and interpret their behavior according to stereotypes
4) Stereotypes are maintainedOverestimate frequency of behaviorIncorrectly explaining behaviorDifferentiating group members from self
7-11
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Perceptual Errors
The tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects
Contrast effects
The tendency to remember recent information. If the information is negative, the person or object is evaluated negatively
Recency effects
The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral
Central tendency
A personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion
Leniency
A rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object
Halo
DescriptionPerceptual Error
7-13Table 7-2
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex Role Stereotypes
Belief that differing traits and abilities make women and men particularly well-suited to different rolesWomen are viewed as more emotional,
affectionate, talkative, patient, creativeMen are viewed as more aggressive,
courageous, easygoing, ambitious
More commonly stereotyped groups
AgeRaceDisability
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Self-Fulfilling Prophecy or Pygmalion Effect, is that people’s expectations or beliefs determine their behavior and performance, thus serving to make their expectations come true Pygmalion effectPygmalion effect Golem effectGolem effect
7-14
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Model of the Self-FulfillingProphecy
Supervisorexpectancy
6
3Motivation
4
Performance
5 1
Leadership
Subordinateself-
expectancy
2
7-15Figure 7-2
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attributions
Determinations of cause of behavior Internal External
Made by observing: Consensus Consistency Distinctiveness
Attributional Tendencies
Fundamental Attribution Bias ignoring environmental factors that affect behavior Actor-observer
effect
Self-Serving Bias taking more personal responsibility for success than failure
7-24
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.