Chapter 7Chapter 7

Sections 5-8Sections 5-8

(not used 2008(not used 2008

Applying Population Applying Population Ecology: The Human Ecology: The Human

PopulationPopulation

Urbanization and Urban GrowthUrbanization and Urban Growth

Urban and rural populationsUrban and rural populations

Rural migration to urban areasRural migration to urban areas

Megacities and megalopolisesMegacities and megalopolises

Poverty and shantytownsPoverty and shantytowns

Patterns of urbanizationPatterns of urbanization

Fig. 7-13, p. 141

Los Angeles13.3 million14.5 million

Mexico City18.3 million20.4 million Sao Paulo

18.3 million21.2 million

Buenos Aires12.1 million13.2 million

New York16.8 million17.9 million

Cairo10.5 million11.5 million

Lagos12.2 million24.4 million

Mumbai(Bombay)16.5 million22.6 million

Karachi10.4 million16.2 million

Dhaka13.2 million22.8 million

Calcutta13.3 million16.7 million

Jakarta11.4 million17.3 million

Beijing10.8 million11.7 million

Tokyo26.5 million27.2 million

Shanghai12.8 million13.6 million

Osaka11.0 million11.0 million

Manila10.1 million11.5 million

Major Urban Areas of the World Major Urban Areas of the World

Delhi13.0 million20.9 million

Fig. 7-14, p. 141

Megalopolises of Bowash and Megalopolises of Bowash and Chipitts Chipitts

US UrbanizationUS Urbanization

Initial migration to large central citiesInitial migration to large central cities

Later migration from large cities to suburbsLater migration from large cities to suburbs

Migration from north and east to south and westMigration from north and east to south and west

Recent migration back to rural areasRecent migration back to rural areas

Advantages and disadvantages of US urban areasAdvantages and disadvantages of US urban areas

Major Urban Areas of the USMajor Urban Areas of the US

Fig. 7-15, p. 142

Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

Fig. 7-16, p. 143

1967

1995

1952

1972

Fig. 7-17a, p. 144

Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlSome Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl

Fig. 7-17b, p. 144

Human Healthand Aesthetics

Contaminated drinking waterand air

Noise pollution

Sky illumination at night

Traffic congestion

Weight gain

Some Undesirable Effects of Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

Fig. 7-17c, p. 144

WaterIncreased runoff

Increased surface water andgroundwater pollution

Increased use of surface waterand groundwater

Decreased storage of surfacewater and groundwater

Increased flooding

Decreased natural sewagetreatment

Some Undesirable Effects of Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

SF Bay region growth animation

AnimationAnimation

Advantages of Urbanization Advantages of Urbanization (especially in Developed Countries)(especially in Developed Countries)

JobsJobs

EducationEducation

Better access to health careBetter access to health care

Some environmental advantagesSome environmental advantages

Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areasBiodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas

Disadvantages of UrbanizationDisadvantages of Urbanization

Resource use and wasteResource use and waste

Reduction in vegetationReduction in vegetation

Water supply problems and floodingWater supply problems and flooding

Don’t grow foodDon’t grow food

Air, noise and water pollutionAir, noise and water pollution

Disease, poverty, crime and accidentsDisease, poverty, crime and accidents

Microclimates: Urban heat islandsMicroclimates: Urban heat islands

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

Fig. 7-18, p. 145

Inputs Outputs

Energy

Food

Water

Rawmaterials

Manufacturedgoods

Money

Information

Solid wastes

Waste heat

Air pollutants

Water pollutants

Greenhouse gases

Manufactured goods

Noise

Wealth

Ideas

Urban Areas as Open SystemsUrban Areas as Open Systems

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

Fig. 7-19, p. 146

Noise Levels (in dbA)

Permanent damagebegins after 8-hour

exposure

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

85

Normalbreathing

Whisper

Quietrural area

Quietroom

Rainfall

Normalconversation

Vacuumcleaner

Averagefactory

Lawnmower

Chainsaw

Rock music

Thunderclap(nearby)

Earphonesat loud level

Air raidsiren

Boomcars

Militaryrifle

Urban Areas as Open SystemsUrban Areas as Open Systems

Extreme Poverty in Urban AreasExtreme Poverty in Urban Areas

Fig. 7-20, p. 146

Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Countries Countries

Squatter settlements (shantytowns)Squatter settlements (shantytowns)

Poor housing and homelessnessPoor housing and homelessness

Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!!Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!!

Lack of electricity and roadsLack of electricity and roads

Pollution and other hazardsPollution and other hazards

Governments often destroy illegal settlementsGovernments often destroy illegal settlements

UnemploymentUnemployment

OvercrowdingOvercrowding

Lack of educational and medical facilitiesLack of educational and medical facilities

CrimeCrime

DiseaseDisease

Mexico CityMexico City

Transportation and Urban Transportation and Urban Development Development

Compact and dispersed citiesCompact and dispersed cities

Personal automobilesPersonal automobiles

Motor vehicles in the US Motor vehicles in the US

Advantages and disadvantages of motor vehiclesAdvantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles

Reduction of motor vehicle useReduction of motor vehicle use

Alternatives to motor vehiclesAlternatives to motor vehicles

Fig. 7-21, p. 149

Advantages Disadvantages

Affordable Produce nopollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy tomaneuver intraffic Take fewresources tomake Very energyefficient Provide exercise

Little protectionin an accident Do not protectriders frombad weather Not practical fortrips longer than8 kilometers(5 miles) Can be tiring(except for electricbicycles) Lack of secure bikeparking

Bicycles

Trade-Offs

Tradeoffs of BicyclesTradeoffs of Bicycles

Fig. 7-22, p. 149

Advantages Disadvantages

More energyefficient than cars

Produce less airpollution than cars

Require lessland than roadsand parkingareas for cars

Cause fewerinjuries anddeaths than cars

Reduce carcongestion incities

Expensive tobuild andmaintain

Cost effectiveonly alonga denselypopulatednarrow corridor

Commit riders toTransportationschedules

Can cause noiseand vibrationfor nearby residents

Mass Transit Rail

Trade-Offs

Tradeoffs of Mass Transit RailTradeoffs of Mass Transit Rail

Fig. 7-23, p. 150

Advantages Disadvantages

More flexiblethan rail system

Can be reroutedas needed

Cost less todevelop andmaintain thanheavy-railsystem

Can greatlyreduce car useand pollution

Can lose moneybecause theyneed low faresto attract riders

Often get caughtin traffic unlessoperating inexpress lanes

Commit ridersto transportationschedules

Noisy

Buses

Trade-Offs

Tradeoffs of BusesTradeoffs of Buses

Fig. 7-24, p. 150

Advantages Disadvantages

Can reduce travel by car or plane

Ideal for trips of 200–1,000kilometers (120–620 miles)

Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or plane

Expensive to run and maintain

Must operate along heavily usedroutes to be profitable

Cause noise and vibration for nearby residents

Rapid Rail

Trade-Offs

Tradeoffs of Rapid RailTradeoffs of Rapid Rail

Making Urban Areas More Livable Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable and Sustainable

Land-use planning (Smart Growth)Land-use planning (Smart Growth)

WalkabilityWalkability

Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability

Smart transportationSmart transportation

EcocitiesEcocities

Reduce pollution and wasteReduce pollution and waste

Protect biodiversityProtect biodiversity

Curitiba, Brazil Curitiba, Brazil

Limits and Regulations

• Limit building permits

• Urban growth boundaries

• Green belts around cities

• Public review of new dvlmt

Zoning

• Encourage mixed use

• Concentrate development along mass transportation routes

• Promote high-density cluster housing developments

Planning

• Ecological land-use planning

• Environmental impact analysis

• Integrated regional planning

• State and national planning

Protection• Preserve existing open space

• Buy new open space

• Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels

Taxes• Tax land, not buildings

• Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land

Tax Breaks• For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain

types of development (conservation easements)

• For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields)

Revitalization and New Growth

• Revitalize existing towns and cities

• Build well-planned new towns and villages

within cities

Smart Growth Tools

Solutions

Fig. 7-25, p. 151

Smart GrowthSmart Growth

Fig. 7-26, p. 152

WorkersInterdistrict Direct FeederExpress

City center

Bus System Bus System of Curitiba, of Curitiba,

BrazilBrazil

City center