Chapter 7Physiology of Artic and

Resonation

Perry C. Hanavan

What is Articulation?

• Articulation is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds.

• Interactive Sagittal Section

What is an Articulation Problem?

• A person has an articulation problem when he or she produces sounds, syllables. or words incorrectly so that listeners do not understand what is being said or pay more attention to the way the words sound than to what they mean.

What are some types of sound errors?

• Most errors fall into one of three categories- omissions, substitutions, or distortions.

• Omission is omitting “h” in "at" for "hat" or "oo" for "shoe."

• Substitution is the use of "w" for "r." which makes "rabbit" sound like "wabbit," or the substitution of "th" for "s" so that "sun" is pronounced "thun."

• Distortions occur when a sound is said inaccurately, but sounds something like the intended sound.

What Causes Articulation Problems? • Articulation problems may result

from physical handicaps, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate. or hearing loss, or may be related to other problems in the mouth, such as dental problems. However, most articulation problems occur in the absence of any obvious physical disability. The cause of these so-called functional articulation problems may be faulty learning of speech sounds.

Biological Function

• Mastication– Includes moving unchewed food into

grinding surface, chewing, and mixing with saliva

• Deglutition– Swallowing

• These two processes require integration of:– Lingual, velar, pharyngeal and facial

muscle movements– See Table 8-1

Oral Preparatory Stage1. Introduce food into mouth2. Keep it in mouth by sealing lips thereby breathing

through nose3. Tongue humps up in back & velum pulled down to

keep food in oral cavity4. Food ground up5. Tongue keeps food in oral cavity by creating seal

with alveolar ridge and compresses it against hard palate, partially crushing in prep for chewing and gradually moving it towards teeth for chewing and pulling it back for mixing with saliva

6. Salivary glands secrete saliva into oral cavity to form bolus for swallowing

7. The muscles of the buccal wall contract to keep the food from entering lateral sulcus between gums and cheek wall

Oral Stage

• Oral stage begins when bolus is prepared for swallowing

• Back of tongue drops down and pulls posteriorly

• Mastication stops• Anterior tongue elevates to hard palate

and squeezes the bolus back• Bolus contact with fauces stimulates

reflexes of pharyngeal stage

Pharyngeal Stage

• Begins with complex sequence of reflexively controlled events

• Velum elevates to close velopharyngeal port• Respiration ceases reflexively• Oral and nasal outlets are closed• Vocal folds tightly adduct, false vocal folds close and

epiglottis constricted• Larynx moves up and forward with the epiglottis

dropping down to cover laryngeal opening• Cricopharyngeus muscle relaxes so bolus can move into

esophagus• Pharyngeal constrictor muscles move bolus downward

Esophageal Phase

• Phase begins when bolus reaches the orifice of esophagus

• Paristaltic contraction and gravity move bolus downward stomach

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~jpd3n/dysphagia.html

Speech Function

• Lips (labia)– Lower lip more mobile

• Mandible– Quite mobile

• Tongue– Perhaps most important

articulator

• Velum– nasality