Motivation and Emotion

What is motivation?

Motivation has been defined in various ways over the years, but a common component of the different definitions is that

motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the

“arousal, direction and persistence of a person’s behaviour”.Most theorists who proposed their own explanation of

motivation believe that any learned behaviour cannot be executed unless it is energized. Thus, motivation is important in performing all kinds of behaviour. Also, this means that any

changes in motivation reflect on an individual’s behaviour.We can say that motivation is the factor that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Motivation is the willingness and desire to participate or do something.

Let’s talk about the 5 theories of Motivation

Instinct TheoryAll creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive. Animals are born with the capacity and often times knowledge of how to survive by spinning webs, building nests, avoiding danger, and reproducing. These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth, they are in our genes, and even if the spider never saw a web before, never witnessed its creation, it would still know how to create one.

Drive Reduction Theory

According to Clark Hull (1943, 1952), humans have internal internal biological needs which motivate us to perform a certain way. These needs, or drives, are defined by Hull as internal states of arousal or tension which must be reduced. A prime example would be the internal feelings of hunger or thirst, which motivates us to eat. According to this theory, we are driven to reduce these drives so that we may maintain a sense of internal calmness.

Arousal TheorySimilar to Hull's Drive Reduction Theory, Arousal theory states that we are driven to maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity. It is different from the above theory, however, because it doesn't rely on only a reduction of tension, but a balanced amount. It also does better to explain why people climb mountains, go to school, or watch sad movies.

Psychoanalytic TheoryRemember Sigmund Freud and his five part theory of personality. As part of this theory, he believed that humans have only two basic drives: Eros and Thanatos, or the Life and Death drives. According to Psychoanalytic theory, everything we do, every thought we have, and every emotion we experience has one of two goals: to help us survive or to prevent our destruction. This is similar to instinct theory, however, Freud believed that the vast majority of our knowledge about these drives is buried in the unconscious part of the mind.

Humanistic TheoryAlthough discussed last, humanistic theory is perhaps the most well know theory of motivation. According to this theory, humans are driven to achieve their maximum potential and will always do so unless obstacles are placed in their way. These obstacles include hunger, thirst, financial problems, safety issues, or anything else that takes our focus away from maximum psychological growth.The best way to describe this theory is to utilize the famous pyramid developed by Abraham Maslow (1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Extrinsic

• It is driven by external forces and structures such as increases in pay for course credit and rewards for program completion.

• Extrinsic motivation occurs when people take action based on tangible or intangible rewards or other outside influences. For example, teachers may entice children with stickers or promises of class parties.

Intrinsic

• It comes from within a person including personal, professional and academic desires; the need to conform or succeed; or the thrill of a challenge.

• Intrinsic motivation is evident when people engage in activities without outside suggestion or pressure. This motivation may come from the desire for enjoyment or a feeling of obligation.

Emotions

Strong emotions can cause you to take actions you might not normallyperform, or avoid situations that you generally enjoy. Why exactly dowe have emotions? What causes us to have these feelings?Researchers, philosophers, and psychologists have proposed a numberof different theories to explain the how and why behind humanemotions.

In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feelingthat results in physical and psychological changes that influencethought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a range ofpsychological phenomena including temperament, personality, moodand Motivation. According to author David G. Meyers, human emotioninvolves "...physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious

experience."

Emotion is different from “feelings” because feelings subjectively represent emotions,

which means that feelings are only private to the person. Also, emotion is distinguished from “mood” based on the period of time that they are present; a mood lasts longer

than an emotion. Interchangeably used with emotion, “affect” is the experience of

emotion, and is associated with how the emotion is expressed (as seen on facial

expressions or hand gestures).

Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar

constructs within the field of affective neuroscience.

Feelings

are best understood as a subjective representation of

emotions, private to the individual experiencing them.

Moodsare diffuse affective states that generally

last for much longer durations than emotions and are also usually less intense

than emotions.

Affect

is an encompassing term, used to describe the topics of emotion, feelings, and moods together,

even though it is commonly used interchangeably with emotion.

Emotions

Theories of EmotionsThe major theories of motivation can be grouped like this:

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

•According to this theory, you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions.

•EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You thenexperience fear.

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• This theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.

Schachter-Singer Theory

• This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason behind this arousal in order to experience and label it as an emotion.

Emotions

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter-Singer Theory

Lazarus Theory Facial Feedback Theory

Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.

According to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles. In other words, when we smile, we then experience pleasure, or happiness. When we frown, we then experience sadness. it is the changes in our facial muscles that cue our brains and provide the basis of our emotions. Just as there are an unlimited number of muscle configurations in our face, so to are there a seemingly unlimited number of emotions.EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experiencethe emotion of fear.

Theories of Emotions

Similarities

Motivation And

Emotions

Many psychologists believe that the link between motivation and emotion emerged from three reasons. First, the arousal of emotion and motives of motivation both activate or energize behaviour. Second, emotions often go together with motives. The common Latin root word of emotion and motivation, “movere” (to move) seems to imply the said reason. And third, it is typical for basic emotions to possess motivational properties of their own. For example, happiness motivates a person to achieve better performance.A noticeable similarity between emotion and motivation is that they are both linked to energy or intensity instead of information or direction. Another one is that while cognition seems to be wrapped in “coldness”, emotion and motivation are often associated to pressure and heat. Yet another similarity is that both psychological constructs rely on the relationship between an individual and his environment.

Relationship Human beings tend to execute things that we hope would lead to happiness, satisfaction and any other positive emotion at some degree. With this said, emotions could be viewed as a reward or punishment for a specific motivated behaviour.

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este video habla 6 minutos sobre teorias de la emocionesta muy bueno

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