Chapter # 7Income Statement Consideration when determining Long-term Debt-

paying AbilityTimes Interest Earned

It indicates a firm’s long-term debt-paying ability from the income statement view

It this ratio is adequate, the firm can easily pay its interest obligations. If this ratio has good record, it can be able to refinance principal amount. The companies maintain the good record of this ratio, can finance relatively

high proportion of debt in relation to shareholders’ equity. They can obtain funds at favorable rates. The company issues debt obligations to obtain funds at an interest less than

the earnings from these funds. This is called trade on the equity or leverage. If the interest rate is high, the risk is that company cannot earn profits more

than cost of funds. Time Interest Earned =

The following nonrecurring items should be excluded:1. Discontinued operations2. Extraordinary items3. Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle

The following should also be excluded:1. Interest Expense

This added back to net income because the time interest earned will be understated.

2. Income Tax ExpenseIf this item is deducted from net income, this is also be added back.

3. Equity earnings(losses) of nonconsolidated subsidiariesThese items should be excluded.

4. Minority Income (Loss)All of the interest expense of the firm consolidated is included in the consolidated income statement. Therefore, all of the income of the firm consolidated should be considered in the coverage.

The interest capitalized should be included with the total interest expense in the denominator of the times interest earned ratio because it is part of the interest payment.

An example of capitalized interest would be interest during the current year on a bond issued to build a factory.

Capitalized interests are normally disclosed in a footnote and sometime on the face of income statement.

Computing interest earned for three to five years provides insight on the stability of the interest coverage.

Interest coverage on long-term debt is sometimes computed separately from the normal times interest earned.

In the long run, a firm must have the funds to meet all of its expenses but in the short run, a firm can often meet its interest obligations even when the times interest is less than 1.00. Some of the expenses do not require funds in the short run.

Depreciation expense Amortization expense Depletion expense

To get the better indication of a firm’s ability to cover interest payments in the short run, the non-cash expenses can be added back to the numerator of the times interest ratio.

This ratio will be less conservative and it gives a cash basis times interest earned useful for evaluating the firm in the short-run.

Fixed Charge CoverageThe fixed charge coverage ratio is an extension of the times interest earned ratio. It is computed as follows:Time Interest Earned =

A difference of opinion occurs in practice as to what should be included in the fixed charges.

The lessee treats a capital as an acquisition and includes the leased asset in fixed assets and related obligation in liabilities.

In case of operating lease, part of the Minimum lease payment (MLP) is considered to be interest expense.

In case of capital lease, the interest expense on the income statement includes interest related to capital lease.

Operating leases are not on the balance sheet, they are reflected on the income statement in the rental expense.

An operating lease is a type of long-term financing and the part of the lease payment is really interest.

One-third of the operating leases’ rental charges are included in the fixed charges because this is an approximation of the proportion of lease payment that is interest.

LeasesA lease is contractual agreement between a lessor (owner) and a lessee (user). It gives a lessee the right to use an asset, owned by the lessor, for the term of the lease. In return the lessee makes rental payments, called minimum lease payment (MLP).The two alternative methods for lease accounting reflect the differences in lease contracts.Capital LeaseA lease that transfers substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership is accounted for as an asset acquisition and a liability incurrence by lessee. The lessor treats such a lease as a sale and financing transaction. This type of lease is called a capital lease. If classified as a capital lease, both the leased asset and the lease obligation are recognized on the balance sheet. Operating LeaseIn the case of operating leases, the lessee accounts for the minimum lease payment as a rental expense, and no asset or liability is recognized on the balance sheet. A lessee (the party leasing the asset) classifies and accounts of a lease as a capital lease if, at its inception, the lease meets any of four criteria:1. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the

lease term.2. The lease contains an option to purchase the property at a bargain price. 3. The lease term is 75% or more of the estimated economic life of the property.4. The present value of he minimum lease payment (MLP) at the beginning of the

year is 90% or more of the fair value of the lease property. A lease can be classified as an operating lease only when none of these criteria are met. Accounting for Leases-----An IllustrationWe look only the effects on both the income statement and the balance sheet of the lessee given the following information:

A company leases an asset on January 1, 2005 --- as it has no other assets or liabilities.

Estimated economic life of the leased asset is five years with an expected salvage value of zero at the end of the five years. The company will depreciate this asset on straight line basis over its economic life.

The lease has a fixed noncancellable term of five years with annual minimum lease payments of $2,505 paid at the end of each year.

Interest rate on the lease is 8% per year.

Balance sheet consideration when determining Long-term Debt-Paying AbilityThe firm’s ability to carry debt, as indicated by the balance sheet, can be viewed by considering the debt ratio and the debt/equity ratio. These ratios are now reviewed.Debt RatioThe debt ratio indicates the firm’s long-term debt-paying ability. It is computed as follows:

Debt Ratio =

Total Liabilities includes 1. Short-term liabilities,2. Reserves,3. Deferred tax liabilities, 4. Minority shareholders’ interests, 5. Redeemable preferred stock,6. Any other noncurrent liabilities.

It does not include stockholders’ equity. Short-term Liabilities Some firms exclude short-term liabilities because they are not long-term

sources of funds. Other firms include short-term liabilities because these liabilities become part of

the total sources of outside funds in the long run. Example is accounts payable are relatively short term but accounts payable in

total becomes a rather permanent part of the entire sources of funds. This book takes a conservative position that includes the short-term liabilities in

the debt ratio.Reserves

The reserve accounts classified under liabilities (some short-term and some long-term).

These are created by charging an expense to the income statement and an equal increase in the reserve account on the balance sheet.

These reserve accounts do not represent definite commitments to pay out funds in the future but they are estimates of funds that will be paid out.

This book takes a conservative position that includes the reserves in liabilities in the debt ratio.

Deferred Taxes (Interperiod Tax Allocation) In the US, a firm may recognize certain income and expense items in one

period for the financial statements and in another period for the tax return. This can result in financial statement income in any one period that is

substantially different from tax return income. In the United States, taxes payable based on the tax return can be

substantially different from income expense based on financial statement income.

The difference between tax expense and taxes payable is recorded as deferred income taxes.

The concept that results in deferred income taxes is called Interperiod tax allocation.

In addition to temporary differences, the tax liabilities can be influenced by an operating loss carryback and /or operating loss carryforward.

A company can elect to forgo a carryback. A corporate reports deferred taxes in two classifications:

A net current account A net non-current amount

The excess of tax depreciation over financial reporting depreciation would be reported as a noncurrent liability.

Some individuals disagree with the concept of deferred taxes (Interperiod tax allocation). They consider the deferred tax to as soft account due to uncertainty in payment and receipt. So, should be excluded from the liabilities at the time of analysis.

Examples of permanent differences are premiums on life insurance and life insurance proceeds.

Minority Shareholders’ InterestSome firms excludes and some includes but this book takes the conservative position of including minority shareholders’ interest in the primary computation of debt ratiosRedeemable Preferred StockIt should be included in liabilities.Debt/Equity Ratio

Debt/Equity Ratio =

Debt to Tangible Net worth Ratio

Debt to Tangible Net Worth =

Other Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability Ratios

Current Debt/net worth ratio =

The higher the proportion of funds provided by current liabilities, greater the risk.Total Capitalization Ratio

Total Capitalization Ratio =

Total capitalization consists of long-term debt, preferred stock, common stockholders’ equity.The lower the ratio, the lower the risk. Fixed Asset/Equity RatioThis ratio indicates the extent to which shareholders have provided funds in relation to fixed assets. Some firms subtract intangibles from the shareholders’ equity to obtain tangible net worth. This result is more conservative ratio. The higher the fixed assets in relation to equity, the greater the risk. Special Items that Influence a Firm’s Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability

1. Long-Term Assets versus Long-Term Debt2. Long-Term Leasing 3. Pension Plans

i. Defined Contribution Planii. Defined Benefit Plan

4. Postretirement Benefits other than Pensions5. Joint Ventures6. Contingencies

7. Financial Instruments with Off-Balance sheet Risk and Financial Instruments with Concentrations of Credit Risk

8. Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments