CHAPTER 7

Information System

COMPUTERLITERACY(FSPK0012)

by:

Dr. Siti Hajar Othman & Dr. Nazmona Mat AliFaculty of Computing,

UTM Johor BharuEmail: hajar@utm.my / nazmona@utm.my

Phone: 07-55 32372 /

Website: comp.utm.my/hajar & comp.utm.my/nazmona

1) Types of Information System

2) System Development Life Cycle

Table of Content: CHAPTER 7

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▪ A key resource and key asset

▪ Fuels business and can be the critical factor in

determining the success or failure of a business

▪ Needs to be managed correctly

▪ Managing computer-generated information differs

from handling manually produced data

INFORMATION – why so important?

What is INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS)?

“A system which assembles, stores, processes and

delivers information relevant to an organization, in

such a way that the information is accessible and

useful to those who wish to use it, including

managers, staff, clients and citizens. An IS is human

activity (social system) which may or may not

involve the use of computer systems”Buckingham et al. (1987)

*In this context, IS refers as Computerized Information Systems

@ Computer-based Information Systems

Organization as Systems

▪ Organization as systems, is composed of subsystems

and so on.

▪ It is mainly involves levels of management

▪ These will impact the information system development.

▪ The different levels of management will produce the

different levels of decisions.

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Boundary

Processing

Input

Control

Output

Feedback

SYSTEM

Information Systems

+ +

Computerized Information Systems

People

Procedures

Data

Hardware

SoftwarePeople

Procedures

Data

Levels of Management

Copyright © 2011 L. Staehr, B. Choi, C. Cope, J. McCullagh, P. Somerville,

C. Matthews, B. Retallick

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The Four Major Types of Information Systems

Laudon & Laudon (2015), Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (14th Edition),

Prentice Hall.

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Transaction Processing System (TPS)

▪ Captures and processes data about business

transactions

▪ Typically processes large amounts of data for routine

business transactions

▪ Boundary-spanning permit organizations to

interact with external environments

▪ Support the day-to-day operations of the company

▪ Supply summary data to MIS and DSS

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Types of TPS

Online Transaction

Processing System OLTP

Real Time Transaction

➢ Each transaction is processed

immediately, without the delay of

accumulating transactions into a

batch

Batch Processing System

➢ Mostly used in online shopping

➢ Uses PCI cards

➢ Data is collected as batch and then

processed later on.

➢ Usually processing at a scheduled

time

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Payroll Processing| Inventory

Management| Point-of-Sale (PoS)|

Automated Teller Machine (ATM)| Airline

Reservation System | Fast-food Online

Delivery| Paypal |Cheque clearing |

Online shopping

TPS - Examples

Could you identify which type of TPS of these systems?

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Management Information System (MIS)

➢ Provide information in the form of prespecified reports

and displays to support business decision making

➢ Information generated based on data extracted and

summarized from the firm’s underlying transaction

processing systems to middle and operational level

➢ Examples sales analysis, production performance,

cost trend reporting systems, performance appraisal

system

(O’brien & Marakas, 2006, Management Information Systems, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, NY)

(MIS)

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Laudon & Laudon (2015), Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (14th Edition), Prentice Hall.

(MIS)

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Decision Support System (DSS)

➢Provide interactive ad hoc support for the decision-

making processes of managers and other business

professionals

➢Use data from TPS and set of flexible analytical tools

to support middle managers

➢Examples profitability forecasting, risk analysis

systems, product pricing

(O’brien & Marakas, 2006, Management Information Systems, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, NY)

(DSS)

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(DSS)

Laudon & Laudon (2015), Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (14th Edition), Prentice Hall.

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Executive Support Systems (ESS)Also known as Executive Information Systems (EIS)

➢ Provide critical information from MIS, DSS and other

sources tailored to the information needs of executives.

➢A reporting too that provides quick access to

summarize reports coming from all company level and

functions/departments e.g. accounting, human

resources, marketing and operations.

➢ Examples systems for easy access to analyze of

business performance, competitive performance,

economic developments to support strategic planning.

(O’brien & Marakas, 2006, Management Information Systems, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, NY)

(ESS)

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In recent years, the term EIS has lost popularity in favour of businessintelligence with the sub areas of reporting, analytics, and digital

dashboardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_system

(ESS)

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What is Information System Development (ISD)

and System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

▪ ISD is the process to build computerized information

systems. This process is well-known as SDLC that

consists of several phases

▪ SDLC is a phased approach to solving business problems developed through the use of a specific

cycle of analyst and user activities

▪ Each phase has unique user activities

▪ Note: Analysts disagree on exactly how many phases

there are in the SDLC.

(ISD) (SDLC)

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The seven phases of SDLC

Kendall & Kendall (2002), System Analysis And Design, 5th Edition,Prentice Hall, New Jersey

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O'Leary et all (2015), Computing Essentials 2015 Complete Edition, McGraw-Hill Education; 25

edition

The six phases of SDLC

Why Need System Analysis and Design?

▪ System development needs proper planning.

▪ There is a cost in system development.

▪ It is time consuming and needs project

management.

▪ SADM is about problem solving that needs to be

creative, critical, and innovative.

▪ Closely related with the context of a particular

business

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➢ Lends structure to the analysis and design of

information systems

➢ Analysis and design phase the core phases of

SDLC

➢ Even though, the title seems focusing on ANALYSISand DESIGN phase doesn’t means other phases

are not important

Why Need System Analysis and Design?

Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and

Objectives

▪ Purpose: to identify the issues @ problems, opportunities and objectives of the proposed project and later make a decision on whether to proceed with the proposed project

▪ Activity:

❖ Interviewing user management

❖ Summarizing the knowledge obtained

❖ Estimating the scope of the project

❖ Documenting the results

▪ Deliverable/Output:

Feasibility Report

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Determining Human Information Requirements

▪ Purpose: To determine human needs of the users involved

▪ Activity:

❖ Interviewing

❖ Sampling and investing hard data

❖ Questionnaires

❖ Observe the decision maker’s behavior and environment

❖ Prototyping

❖ Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current system

▪ Deliverable/Output:

▪ User Requirements Report

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2

Analyzing System Needs

▪ Purpose: to determine the new requirements

▪ Activity:

❖ Create data flow diagrams

❖ Complete the data dictionary

❖ Analyze the structured decisions made

❖ Prepare and present the system proposal

▪ Deliverable/ Output:

▪ Systems Analysis Report

▪ Recommendation on what, if anything, should be done to design a new system or restructuring the current system

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3

Designing the Recommended System

▪ Purpose: to transform the requirements into complete and detailed system design specification

▪ Activity:

❖ Design procedures for data entry

❖ Design the human-computer interface

❖ Design system controls

❖ Design files and/or database

❖ Design backup procedures

▪ Deliverable/Output:-

▪ System Design Document

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4

Developing and Documenting Software

▪ Purpose: to convert the system design prototyped in the design phase into a working information system that addresses all documented system requirements

▪ Activity:

❖ System analyst works with programmers to develop any original software

❖ Works with users to develop effective documentation

❖ Programmers design, code, and remove syntactical errors from computer programs

❖ Document software with help files, procedure manuals, and Web sites with Frequently Asked Questions

▪ Deliverable/Output:

▪ System Development Document

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Testing and Maintaining the System

▪ Purpose: to guarantee that system successfully built and

tested in the development phase meet all requirements and

design parameters

▪ Activity:

❖ Test the information system

❖ System maintenance

❖ Maintenance documentation

▪ Deliverable/Output:

▪ Test Analysis Approval Determination Document

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Implementing and Evaluating the System

▪ Purpose: to deploy and enable operations of the new

information system in the location.

▪ Activity:

❖ Train users

❖ Analyst plans smooth conversion from old system to new system

❖ Review and evaluate system

▪ Deliverable/Output:

▪ Trained personnel

▪ Installed system

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Q & A

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