Chapter 7 Goal Directed Systems Design Part 1: Input – Process – Output Model Input: Unsafe...

Chapter 7Goal Directed Systems Design

Part 1: Input – Process – Output Model

Input: Unsafe worker

ProcessOutput:

Safe worker

Table of Contents

DefinitionsCheck lists and rulesActivity 1Activity 2Activity 3Activity 4Activity 5Activity 6

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Table of Contents

Activity 7Activity 8Activity 9Activity 10Activity 11Activity 12


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Table of Contents

Review Section




Table of Contents

Definitions– Processes– Outputs, inputs, or goals– Ultimate goal– Goal-directed approach– Final output– Input-Process-Output Chain– Main resources– Production– Distribution– Research and Development (R & D)




Table of Contents

Check lists and rules–Rules in outlining the structure of organizational goals–Questions to ask yourself when making the outline of organizational goals

– Outline checklist




Table of Contents

Activity #1– #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8,

#9, #10, #11, #12, #13, #14, #15, #16, #17, #18, #19, #20, #21, #22, #23, #24, #25, #26, #27, #28, #29, #30




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Activity #2– #31, #32, #33, #34, #35, #36,

#37, #38, #39, #40




Table of Contents

Activity #3– #41, #42, #43, #44




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Activity #4– #45, #46, #47, #48, #49, #50,

#51, #52, #53, #54




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Activity #5– #55, #56, #57, #58, #59, #60,

#61, #62, #63, #64,




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Activity #6– #65, #66, #67, #68




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Activity #7– #69, #70, #71, #72




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Activity #8– #73




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Activity #9– #74,




Table of Contents

Activity #10– #75,




Table of Contents





Goal-Directed Systems Design is a technology for designing

an ideal structure of organizational goals using a behavioral systems analytic

approach.

In this part of the workshow you will learn the concepts

involved in Goal-Directed Systems Design

(GDSD) and do some practice-work in designing organizational

goals.

You can do a GDSD up front

for a new organization that you’re starting,

to help it work well from day one…

…or you can apply GDSD later to an existing organization,

to help it work better and to recover

from organizational disasters.

What’s the behavioral systems analysis approach?

Behavioral Systems Analysis approach

A system is an organized, integrated, unified

set of components, accomplishing a particular set

of goals.


A system consists of inputs (resources), processes, and

outputs (goals).

For example, an automobile is an example of a system.

It inputs people at one location and moves them to another.

It’s a transportation system.


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.justsaywow.com/IMAGES/cars/CARTOON%2520-%2520SHINY%25203.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.justsaywow.com/nottosay-new.cfm&h=230&w=223&sz=4&tbnid=LFqgXYrznJYJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=99&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcartoon%2Bcars%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

A behavioral system is a system in which the principle

components are human beings.

Behavioral System…

For example, a university is an example of a

behavioral system, which inputs high-school graduates,

educates them, and outputs college graduates.

In a behavioral systems approach, you define an organization as a set of systems by identifying the

output, process, and input for each component.

In other words, you see an organization as a behavioral system,

or a collection of behavioral systems,

each of which has an output, a process, and inputs.

Practice!!-Activity #1

For the following behavioral systems, identify each

underlined component of the system as either output,

process, or input.

Click to go back to your previous slideReturn to

Table of Contents


Put O for output, P for process, or I for input.

A hospital: ___Treating sick people___Sick people___Healthy people

A.Output

B. Process

C. Input

#1



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is

defined as a thing or condition. Treating sick

people is an activity and not a thing or condition.

Back to the question!


A.Output

B. Process

C. Input

No, Remember that the input consists of things or

conditions that are processed through the system. Treating sick

people is an activity and not the initial thing or condition

that begins the process.


A hospital: ___Treating sick

people___Sick people___Healthy

peopleA.Output

B. Process

C. Input On to the next question!

Back to the previous question!

Right on!!! Treating sick people is the behavior responsible for

processing sick people into healthy people.


A.Output

B. Process

C. Input

#2


A hospital: ___Treating Sick people___Sick people___Healthy people

A.Output

B. Process

C. Input

No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the

process.


A hospital: ___Treating sick

people___Sick people___Healthy

peopleA.Output

B. Process



Nice Work!!!


A.Output

B. Process

C. Input

#3

And so the last one would be….



Right on!!! Healthy people is the final

outcome or goal when treating sick people.

A.Output

B. Process



An amusement park: ___Amusing people___Happier people___People #4

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input


An amusement park: ___Amusing people___Happier people___People

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



process and is defined as a thing or condition. Amusing people is

an activity and not a thing or condition.


A. Output

B.Process

C.Input


No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the

system.


A. Output

B.Process

C.InputOn to the next question!


Nice Work!!!

An amusement park: ___Amusing people___Happier people___People #5

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



system.


Good!! Happier people is the final

outcome or goal when trying to amuse people.

A. Output

B.Process




A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#6




Right on!!!

A. Output

B.Process



A motel: ___Tired people___Providing rooms___Rested people

#7

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



A. Input

B.Process

C.Output

Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors.

Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]”



A. Input

B.Process

C.Output


process and is defined as a thing or condition.



A. Input

B.Process

C.Output On to the next question!


Nice Work!!!


#8

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing rooms to

people is an activity and not a thing or condition.



A. Output

B.Process



Nice Work!!!


#9

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



A. Output

B.Process



Right on!!! Rested people is the

final outcome or goal when providing

a room for tired people.

A bus company: ___People at destination___People at place of departure___Transporting people #1

0A. Output

B.Process

C.Input


A bus company: ___People at destination___People at place of departure___Transporting people

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input





A. Output

B.Process

C.Input


system.



A. Output

B.Process



Right on!!! People at their

destination is the final goal when

transporting people.


1A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input





A. Output

B.Process



Nice Work!!!


2A. Output

B.Process

C.Input




A. Output

B.Process



Right on!!!

A book store: ___People who don’t have

books and books to be sold

___Selling books___People who have books

#13

A. Input

B.Process

C.Output



books and books to be sold___Selling books___People who have books

A. Input

B.Process

C.Output






A. Input

B.Process

C.Output

No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is what a book store wishes to accomplish through

the sales process.




A. Input

B.Process



Nice Work!!!



#14

A. Input

B.Process

C.Output




A. Input

B.Process

C.Output


process and is defined as a thing or condition. Selling books is an

activity and not a thing or condition.




A. Input

B.Process



Right on!!!



#15

A. Input

B.Process

C.Output





A. Input

B.Process



Right on!!!People who have books is the final

outcome or goal of a book-selling

process.

A pet store: ___People who don’t have pets

and pets to be sold___People who have pets___Selling pets

#16

A.Output

B. Input

C.Process




A.Output

B. Input

C.Process


process.




A.Output

B. Input

C.Process






A.Output

B. Input

C.ProcessOn to the next question!


Nice Work!!!



A.Output

B. Input

C.Process

#17




A.Output

B. Input

C.Process






A.Output

B. Input



Keep it up!!!People who have pets is the final

outcome of a pet-selling process.



#18

A.Output

B. Input

C.Process





A.Output

B. Input



Nice Work!!!

A VCR repair company: ___Repaired VCRs___Repairing VCRs___Broken VCRs #1

9A.Output

B. Input

C.Process


A VCR repair company: ___Repaired VCRs___Repairing VCRs___Broken VCRs

A.Output

B. Input

C.Process


system.



A.Output

B. Input

C.Process





A.Output

B. Input

C.Process

On to the next question!


Nice job!!!Repaired VCRs is the goal of a VCR-repairing process.


0A.Output

B. Input

C.Process



A.Output

B. Input

C.Process


system.



A.Output

B. Input

C.Process



Right on!!!


1A.Output

B. Input

C.Process




A.Output

B. Input

C.Process



Nice Work!!!

A Cablevision company: ___People without cablevision___Providing cablevision___People with cablevision #2

2A. Input

B.Process

C.Output


A Cablevision company: ___People without cablevision___Providing cablevision___People with cablevision

A. Input

B.Process

C.Output





A. Input

B.Process

C.Output



process. It is what the cable company wishes to accomplish

by providing cable to customers.


A. Input

B.Process



That’s right!!!


3A. Input

B.Process

C.Output



A. Input

B.Process

C.Output


No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing cable to customers is an activity and not

a thing or condition.


A. Input

B.Process



Yup!!!


4A. Input

B.Process

C.Output




A. Input

B.Process



Right on!!! People with

cablevision is the final output of a cable providing company.

A hair salon: ___Providing hair services___People unhappy

about their hair___People happy about their

hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#25


A hair salon: ___Providing hair services___People unhappy about their

hair___People happy about their

hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input


No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing services is an activity and not a thing or

condition.



hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input



system.



hairA. Output

B.Process



Nice Work!!!



hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#26




hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input


No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal a hair salon wishes to accomplish by

providing quality service to customers.



hairA. Output

B.Process



YES!!!



hairA. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#27





hairA. Output

B.Process



Sweet!!!

A bike shop: ___Selling bikes___People without bikes and

bikes to be sold___People with bikes

A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#28




A. Output

B.Process

C.Input


No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing

or condition. “Selling” is an activity and not a thing or

condition.



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



system.



A. Output

B.Process



Nice Work!!!



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#29




A. Output

B.Process

C.Input



sales process.



A. Output

B.Process



That’s right!!!



A. Output

B.Process

C.Input

#30





A. Output

B.Process

C.InputOn to the next section!


Nice Work!!!

In this workbook, you are asked to describe outputs, inputs, or goals as things or conditions.

You are also asked to describe processes

as activities or behaviors.

We want you to learn this distinction because

a process does not necessarily produce the expected output

even when the process seems to be active.

For example…

Even when a motel provides plenty of rooms, people may not get rested

because of poor service, dirty bath rooms, etc.

So, we do not want to say the goal of a motel is to

provide rooms.

…..that’s what the motel does to accomplish the output of

rested people.

The goal should be described as “rested people”

and one of its processes as “providing

rooms”.

This distinction may seem odd and less important to you,

but it becomes critical when you start designing

the structure of organizational goals later.

Rules

Define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors.

Use “[verb] + ing + [noun]” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define a process.

Example: Baking bread, or to bake bread.

Define outputs, inputs, or goals of an organization as things or conditions.

Avoid using “[verb] + ing + [noun]” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output/input.

Instead, Use [adjective] + [noun] to define inputs/outputs. Example: Baked bread.



Identify the following items by selecting whether it is either an Output or a Process

Example: Baking bread__Output or __Process

Practice!!-Activity 2

A.Output

B. Process



Manufacturing watches __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#31



A.Output

B. Process Back to the question!

No, Remember that you define outputs of an

organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-

ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead

use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread)


A.Output

B. ProcessOn to the next question!


Nice Work!!!

School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#32



A.Output


Sorry….Remember that you define processes of an

organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in

the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]”


A.Output



Nice Work!!!

Writing a book __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#33



A.Output







A.Output



Yup!!!

Making an appointment__Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#34



A.Output


Sorry, Remember that you define outputs of an





A.Output



That’s right!!!

Teaching students __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#35



A.Output


Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb]

[noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread)


A.Output



Nice Work!!!

Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#36



A.Output


Sorry….Remember processes often end in “-ing” or are

used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]”


A.Output



Nice!!!

Landscaped lawn __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#37



A.Output


A little reminder: You define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb]

[noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread)


A.Output



Correct!!!

Training a dog __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#38



A.Output


Try once more. Remember to avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an

output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e.

baked bread)


A.Output



Nice Work!!!

Training materials distributed __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#39



A.Output







A.Output



Nice Work!!!

Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process

A.Output

B. Process

#40



A.Output


Sorry… but remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or

conditions.


A.Output

B. ProcessOn to the next section!


Good Work!!!

Goal-Directed Systems Design:1st: select the ultimate goal

of an organization


of an organization 2nd: select the various levels

of intermediate goals needed

to accomplish that ultimate goal


of an organization 2nd: select the various levels

of intermediate goals needed

to accomplish that ultimate goal

3rd: select the initial goals needed to accomplish those

intermediate goals

In other words…

you decide what to accomplish first

and then design goals that will enable you to accomplish

what you have decided to accomplish.

Definition

The ultimate goal is the highest level of the

organizational goals and ought to involve

the well-being of living creatures.



Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?


Philosophically we believe….

the world would be better off if every organization

set their ultimate goal as the well-being of creatures

on the earth, and derived the intermediate and initial goals

from this ultimate goal.

All of us should work toward this goal,

and Goal-Directed Systems Design will help us

achieve this ultimate goal.


However… We also think

this might be too idealistic.


Now just for the record…

We are not selling our philosophical stand.

Instead, we are providing a technology

that helps you accomplish whatever you want

to accomplish.


In fact… You are learning

to analyze organizational goals not from the well-being

of living creatures but from the final output

of an organization.


Regardless of the goal you start with,

Goal-Directed Systems Design is useful and effective

because of its goal-directed nature, or in other words,

“top-down approach”.


Definition

Goal-directed approach:

A technology of designing organizational goals by defining

higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting sub goals

that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals.

Thus, the accomplishment of each subgoal contributes to the accomplishment

of the higher goals.



Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?


#1It gives flexibility

in designing organizations.




As long as the desired output is accomplished, the process

that produces the output could be anything.




In systems engineering terms, this is called equifinality.


#1

In systems engineering terms, this is called equifinality.


There are a number of different processes

that can produce the same final output.

For example…

#1It gives flexibility in designing organizations.


For example… working in a training department

at a company, you may feel that you must

train people whenever there is a performance problem.



But, if you look at the desired outcome

(i.e., job done), the best bet may NOT be training

but rather a simple job aid (like the job aid we’re using

to help you apply GDSD).


Or maybe the most cost-effective solution

is performance-management contingencies

(like the point contingencies we’re using to encourage you

to apply GDSD to an area of professional interest).



Focusing on the output before selecting the process

thus gives you flexibility in selecting processes.




#2We take a goal-directed

approach in order to avoid

two kinds of mistakes.


#2We take a goal-directed approach

in order to avoid two kinds of mistakes.

One is the activity trap and the other is the means-ends trap.


In both kinds of traps, we fail to accomplish what we want to

accomplish without even knowing it.

#2We take a goal-directed approach

in order to avoid two kinds of mistakes (activity trap & means-end trap).


An activity trap occurs when you are satisfied

with an activity or process without producing a valuable accomplishment or output.


For example…

An instructor at a university may use a lot of advanced

technologies in her psychology class, such as an interactive video

and computer-assisted instruction.


An activity trap occurs when she or the university

is satisfied with the use of the technology and not

concerned about how students are doing in the class.


It may be the case that the students are failing to learn

the material because they lack the prerequisite skills

necessary to make use of the material the instructor

has presented.


To get around the trap, you have to focus on the output

of a system. In this case,

it is the students who learned the material.


A means-ends trap occurs when you are satisfied

with the accomplishment of lower-level goals and not concerned

with the accomplishment of higher-level goals to which

the lower-level goals are supposed to contribute.


In the former example, suppose the instructor finally

succeeded in making

the students learn in the class.


A means-ends trap occurs,

for example, when the students fail to succeed after they graduate from her class.

The jobs they got do not require the skills she taught.


To get around this trap, you need to derive your goals from what you are ultimately

attempting to accomplish.

Practice!!

Read the definition of the goal-directed approach again:

a technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization

first, and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to accomplish

those higher goals


For the following pairs of descriptions,

indicate which is an example

of a goal-directed approach.



• In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries.

• In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome. To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B.

#41




A. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries.

B. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome. To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Sorry…. Remember the goal-directed approach is:

a technology of designing organizational goals by defining

higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting sub goals

that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals

A. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries.

B. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome.To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. On to the

next question!


Yup!!!

A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious food to customers with a reasonable price, basically we need food and customers. To get foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To get customers we need advertising.

B. Because this restaurant is near a university, it would be better to serve fast foods.


#42






Sorry…. Here’s a little refresher of the definition of

the goal-directed approach is: a technology of designing

organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization


those higher goals




next question!


Keep it up!!!

A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can improve physical and economical conditions of the employees. To improve their physical conditions, we can provide safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or nonsmoking program. To improve the economical conditions we can introduce social welfare programs and life insurance.

B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we need to introduce safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use.


#43






Remember…… The goal-directed approach is: a technology of designing

organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization


those higher goals




next question!


Great Work!!!

A. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to redecorate the employee break room. Then we need to provide better foods in our cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing floor.

B. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to examine the current rate, decide on a goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees contingent upon achieving the goal rate.


#44





next section!


Nice!!!

Although it is ideal to analyze organizational goals

from the ultimate goal, it is often difficult

and time consuming.

Therefore, in this program, you will only be asked to start analyzing organizational

goals with a final output of organizations.

Final output: The final product

of an organization that is distributed outside

the organization.

Final output: It is defined in terms

of things or conditions but not in terms of activities

or behaviors.

For example… The final output of this workbook is “students who can use Goal-

Directed Systems Design” but not “teaching students how to

use Goal-Directed Systems Design.”

This is a very important point.

Note: Once you finish an outline, it is a good idea to go back

and examine your final output and make sure it is defined

in terms of things or conditions and not in terms of activities

or behaviors.

A rough rule: the final output is usually

what the organization gets paid for.

Another way to put it is that the final output is the

“purpose” of the organization.

Definition

A final output of an organization is the final

product that is distributed outside the organization.




The following are descriptions of final outputs

for some organizations. Identify which is an example

of a final output in each pair.



Which is an example of a final output of an automobile company?

A. B.

#45

A. Net profits 30% increase.B. Automobiles manufactured.

(click on your choice below)



A. B.




Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the

process. It is defined as a thing or condition.


A. B.





Great!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a university?

A. B.

#46

A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per year.B. An increase in employees’ commitment to the university.




A. B.







A. B.





Yup!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a mental health hospital?

A. B.

#47

A. People who become functional in society.B. Reduction of labor costs.




A. B.









A. B.





Correct!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a computer retail shop?

A. B.

#48

A. Personal computer systems sold.B. Selling personal computer systems




A. B.







A. B.





Right on!!!!

Nice Work!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a city hotel?

A. B.

#49

A. The reputation of the hotel.B. Customers rested and satisfied with the service.




A. B.









A. B.





Right on!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a retail sun-glass store?

A. B.

#50

A. Inventory 100% full.B. Sunglasses sold.




A. B.









A. B.





Nice job!!!

Which is an example of a final output of an animal shelter?

A. B.

#51

A. Animals adopted.B. Increased community awareness of unwanted pets.




A. B.







A. B.





Right!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a fast-food restaurant?

A. B.

#52

A. Burgers sold.B. Raw materials bought.




A. B.









A. B.





That’s great!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a coffee shop?

A. B.

#53

A. Coffee made.B. Coffee sold.




A. B.









A. B.





This ain’t so hard huh!!!

Which is an example of a final output of a publishing company?

A. B.

#54

A. Books published.B. Books written.




A. B.









A. B.



On to the next section!


Nice Work!!!

Outlining Organizational Goals

In this chapter, you will learn how to design organizational

goals. You will use an Output-Process-Input Chain to

produce the structure of organizational

goals.

First, you define the final output of the organization.


Then you define the process that produces that output.


Then you define the process that produces that output.

Then you define inputs that are necessary for the process.

This output-process-input forms a subsystem.

The inputs for one subsystem are the outputs from other

subsystems.

Once you have determined the inputs for a subsystem,

you go on to define the processes that produce those inputs and the inputs needed

for the processes(i.e. the next output-process-input

chains).

You will repeat this chaining

until inputs are obtained from other organizations than

the one you are analyzing.

In other words…. You are linking subsystems

in an organization by chaining the inputs of one subsystem to the output of another subsystem.

This chaining continues until the input to a subsystem

is offered by other organizations than the one

you are analyzing.

As you can see in the following outline, it is easy

to read the flow of resources in an organization when

it is presented as the outline of organizational goals.

(Overall Goal- Output)

Process:

(Input / Output)

Process:

Process:

Process:

(Input / Output)

(Input / Output)

(Input- Output ofexternal organizations)

Subsystem 1

Subsystem 2

Subsystem 3

Subsystem 4

Input-Process-Output Chain

For example… Let’s analyze organizational

goals for an automobile assembling factory.

For example…

This factory simply gets every part needed for building an automobile

and assembles the parts. The final output of this organization is “automobiles correctly assembled

with no defects.”

For example… So, first, you put this final output

on the top of the outline:

(Automobiles correctly assembled with no defects)

Notice that the final output is

put in parentheses.

In Goal-Directed Systems Design, all outputs and inputs

(goals and resources) are put in parentheses in

order for us to easily distinguish them from

processes.

Now, the next thing you do is ask yourself how to accomplish this

goal. In other words, what process do

you need to produce correctly assembled automobiles?...

…Assembling, right?

So you put this process underneath the final output

slightly (3-4 letters) indented to the right.

Notice that you do not have parentheses this time and, instead, have a label

(“Production”) and a colon before

the description of the process.

Indenting is important here because we

want to see the hierarchical structure

of goals with ease. Indented items illustrate

prerequisites for the item just above them.

(Indented items cont…) They must be fulfilled in order for the item

Just above them to be accomplished.

(Indented items cont…)

In other words, a process must be active

to produce its output, and inputs must be obtained

in order for a process to be active.

(Indented items cont…)

By connecting two levels

by lines, you can see more easily the relationship between outputs, processes

and inputs.

The next question is: what resources do you

need for the process?

Well, you can come up with many thingsthat you think are necessary for assembling automobiles:

Front line workers

Tools for the workersElectricity

The parts of the automobileEtc.

In the output-process-input chains, however, you

only focus on the flow of main

resources, which are the parts

of the automobile in this case.


(Automobiles correctly assembled with no defects)

Production: Assembling automobiles

(The parts of the automobile)

The analysis does not stop here.

As you might guess, the next question is:

what process do you need to get the parts?

Before analyzing this, let’s review the definition

of the “output-process-input chain,” and learn about

main resources and labels for processes.

Definition

Output-Process-Input chain is a way of sequencing goals first by asking what you want to accomplish (output),second, how you accomplish it (process), and third, what you need to accomplish it (inputs).

Then, each input is analyzed in the same way until the organization you are analyzing has made contact with some other organizations.



To make an Output-Process-Input chain you must follow

the…

Rules in outlining the structure of organizational

goals.

Rules in outlining the structure of

organizational goals • The final output of the organization must be

placed on the top.• Outputs and inputs consist only of main

resources. • Outputs and inputs are put in parentheses.• Processes must be labeled.• Lower level must be indented to the right and

connected with a line.6. Multiple resources or multiple processes

must be located at the same level and connected with a line.

Return to Table of Contents Click to go

back to your previous slide

What are the main resources?

We like to make a distinction

between the main resources that are directly processed

and the resources that are used in order to process those main

resources.


For example… Every behavioral system has workers as human resources

(such as builders in the home construction industry).


However… They are NOT the main

resources for the manufacturing process

in the sense that the builders themselves are not being

processed.


Instead, what the builders use in the manufacturing process (such as wood and

nails) are considered the main

resources.


Builders are considered main resources when their training

or recruiting is analyzed. In such a case, you draw a different

outline which starts with “skilled builders” as the final

output.

Definition

Main resources: Raw materials for production

processes, resources that are distributed

by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling

processes.



So, it is important to note that you would NEVER put

employees in the outline unless they were actually being processed,

as in a training department at a corporation.


For the following pairs of resources, click on the one that consists of examples of

main resources for the specified organization.



Hamburger shop:

• Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc.• Cutting board, ovens, microwave,

etc.

A. B.

(click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #55


Hamburger shop:

A. Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc.B. Cutting board, ovens, microwave,

etc.

A. B.

(click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources)


No, remember that main resources consist of raw materials for production

processes, resources that are distributed by distribution

processes, or customers for ALL selling processes.

Hamburger shop:

A. Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc.B. Cutting board, ovens, microwave,

etc.

A. B.




Right!!!

Publisher of a magazine:

A. Writers and photographers.B. Articles and photographs.

A. B.

#56





A. B.








A. B.




Nice!!!

Book shop: A. BooksB. Employees.

A. B.

#57




A. B.



It is important to remember that you would never put employees in the outline unless they were actually being processed, as in a training department at a corporation.


A. B.




Correct!!!

Bar: A. Table, chairs, glasses, etc.B. Beer, popcorn, etc.

A. B.

#58




A. B.







A. B.




Great!!!

University: A. Professors.B. Students.

A. B.

#59




A. B.







A. B.




Right!!!

VCR repair shop: A. Repair technicians.B. Broken VCRs.

A. B.

#60




A. B.







A. B.




You got it!!!

Computer supply store: A. Modems, monitors, etc.B. Salespeople.

A. B.

#61




A. B.







A. B.




Nice Work!!!

An amusement park: A. Customers.B. Maintenance people.

A. B.

#62




A. B.







A. B.




Yup!!!

A movie theater: A. Seats.B. Movie-goers.

A. B.

#63




A. B.







A. B.




Right!!!

A doctor’s office: A. Tongue depressors and

stethoscopes.B. Sick people.

A. B.

#64





A. B.








A. B.




Nice Work!!!

We provide a classification system to help you define a variety of processes when you design organizational goals.

There are three kinds of processes: Production,

Distribution, and Research and Development

(R&D).

Definition Production is a process (in which inputs

and outputs are different, as in manufacturing)

Distribution is a process (in which inputs and outputs are the same)

Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.)




Carefully review the definitions and label the following components with production, distribution, R & D, or none of them.

Put P for production, D for distribution, R for R & D, or N for none.

Note: For any given example, it is possible to use an answer more than once.



In a restaurant: ___Cooking beef stew___Serving beef stew to a

customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe___Tips

A.Production D. None

B. Distribution

C. R & D

#65





B. Distribution

C. R & D

Sorry…Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another

production or distribution process.)





B. Distribution

C. R & D

Remember… Distribution is a process (in which inputs and

outputs are the same)





B. Distribution

C. R & D

Look it over again and give it another shot….





B. Distribution

C. R & D



Right on!!!




B. Distribution

C. R & D

#66





B. Distribution

C. R & D


Sorry… Production is a process (in which inputs and outputs are different, as in manufacturing)




B. Distribution

C. R & D







B. Distribution

C. R & D



You Got It!!! Here beef stew is simply

distributed to the customer (not actually processed or

changed).




B. Distribution

C. R & D

#67





B. Distribution

C. R & D






B. Distribution

C. R & D



Very Nice!!!




B. Distribution

C. R & D

#68





B. Distribution

C. R & D






B. Distribution

C. R & D



Right on!!!


The following are incomplete descriptions of some

organizational subsystems. Complete each analysis by

checking the correct process (labeled #1) and the main resource(s) (labeled #2).




Complete each analysis by checking the correct

process (labeled #1) and the main resource(s)

(labeled #2).

Example

Organization: A television repair company:

(Televisions repaired)

___(1)___: Repairing televisions

(________(2)___________)

(1) __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B)

__ R & D (C)

#69

Select either Production, Distribution, or R & D for (1)


Example




(________(2)___________)


__ R & D (C) Back to the question!



Example




(________(2)___________)



Not quite…Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically

conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.)

Example




(________(2)___________)


__ R & D (C) On to the next section!


Nice Work!!!

Example

Organization: A television repair company: (Televisions repaired)


(________(2)___________)

(1) __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D

(2) __ Customers (A)__ Broken TV’s (B)

__ Televisions for sale (C)

#70

Select either Customers, Broken TV’s, or Televisions

for sale for (2)(Televisions repaired)


(________(2)___________)


Example

Organization: A television repair company: (Televisions repaired)


(________(2)___________)

(1)__ Production __ Distribution __ R & D

(2) __ Customers (A) __ Broken TV’s (B)


Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the

system.(Televisions repaired)


(________(2)___________)


Example







(________(2)___________)


Note: You define inputs of an organization as things or

conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]”

to define an input. Instead use [adjective] + [noun].

(i.e. baked bread)

Example







(________(2)___________)



Nice Work!!!

Organization: A taxi company


__ R & D (C)

#71

Select either Production, Distribution, or R & D for (1)(Customers at the destinations)

___(1)_____: Transporting customers

(________(2)_________)


(Customers at the destinations)___(1)_____: Transporting customers

(________(2)_________)






(________(2)_________)







(________(2)_________)


(1) __ Production (A)__ Distribution (B)

__ R & D (C) On to the next question!


Right!!!


(________(2)_________)

Organization: A taxi company (Customers at the destinations)


(________(2)_________)


(2) __ Customers at the departure

Place (A), __ Taxies(B) ___ Drivers (C)

#72

Select either Customers at the departure place, Taxies,

or Drivers for (2)



(________(2)_________)




Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C)


Sorry, try again.


(________(2)_________)




Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C)


Sorry, give it another shot.


(________(2)_________)

Organization: A taxi company (Customers at the destinations)


(________(2)_________)



Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C)On to the next section!


Nice Work!!!

Let’s go back to our example of the automobile assembling factory.

How do you get the parts of the automobile?

Well, in this factory, all parts are bought from another

company.

So, the outline looks like this:

(Automobiles correctly assembled with no defects)Production: Assembling automobiles


Distribution: Buying the parts

What do you need to buy the parts?

The parts must be for sale, right?

So, you put it in underneath

the outline, and you are all set.

Because selling or manufacturing the parts is not your business,

you can stop the analysis here.

REMEMBER…..

Your outline always ends up with resources that are provided by some

other organizations.

Note the last two lines of the outline: “Distribution: Buying the parts;

& (The parts for sale).” This is the way these items should appear

anytime your outline ends with resources that must be obtained

(purchased) from someplace else.

Distribution: Buying the parts

(Automobiles correctly assembled with no defects)Production: Assembling automobiles


(The parts available for sale)

Outline for Organizational Goals

When making the outline of organizational goals, ask yourself the following questions:

(1st) What do you want to accomplish?

Identify the final output in terms of things or conditions. Do not identify the final output in terms of a process or activity.

(2nd) How do you accomplish it? Identify process(es) that accomplish the goal.

(3rd) What do you need for the process?

Identify the main resources for the process. Don’t put other resources, such as line workers and tools used in the process. These other kinds of resources are analyzed later. Don’t forget customers as one of the main resources for any selling process.



Once you identify the resources, repeat the questions (2) and (3)

for each resource you have identified:

How do you get the resource? What do you need to do to

accomplish that?

This is a simple example of the design of organizational goals for a factory

that manufactures furniture.

Distribution: Buying raw materials

(Furniture manufactured)Production: Manufacturing furniture

(Raw materials)

(Raw materials available for purchase)

The final output is

“furniture manufactured,” and in the simplest design,

there are only two sub-systems involved.


(Furniture manufactured)Production: Manufacturing furniture

(Raw materials)


Outline Checklist

Here is a checklist you can use to verify that your organizational goals are outlined

correctly:

Check List:1. Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or

conditions? Yes No2. Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in

parentheses? Yes No3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with

lines? Yes No4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined?

Yes No




Read the following example and look at the two outlines

on the following slide carefully.




Example: Which is the correct outline

of the organizational goals of a toy manufacturing factory,

which buys materials to make toys?

Also, state the reason in the blank space at the bottom of your

transparency.

Practice!!-Activity #8 Note:

We are not concerned with shipping the toys yet.

It is a good idea to use the check list presented on the right hand side

of the screen. This outline checklist is also available

from the “checklists and rules” link’ from the table of content.

You may also click back to the table of contents to view various definitions.

Check List:1. Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or conditions? Yes No2. Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in parentheses? Yes No3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with lines? Yes No4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined? Yes No

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals of a toy

manufacturing company?


(Toys manufactured)Production: Manufacturing toys

(Raw materials)




(Raw materials)


A.

B.

#73A.

B.







(Raw materials)




(Raw materials)


A.

B.

A.

B.

Sorry…review the checklist and give it another shot!







(Raw materials)




(Raw materials)


A.

B.

A.

B. On to the next section!


YES!!! The distribution process must be indented to the

right under “(raw materials)”.

The next example is the design of organizational goals for a computer

shop that buys computers from manufacturing companies and sells them to customers.

Distribution: Buying computers from manufacturers

Distribution: Selling computers(Computer sold)

(Computers)

(Computers available for purchase)

(Customers)

The final output is “computers sold”. Notice that there are two main resources for the

process of selling computers. One is goods to be sold

(i.e., computers) and the other is customers.

Distribution: Buying computers from manufacturers

Distribution: Selling computers(Computer sold)

(Computers)

(Computers available for purchase)

(Customers)

For any selling process, the customer is ALWAYS one

of the main resources.

Notice how two resources (i.e., computers and customers)

are placed in the outline and how they are connected by a line.

The line shows that both of them are the main resources for the process,

(i.e., selling computers) and they are, in this sense, located at the same level.

Pay close attention to the connecting lines –

if they are at the same level (indented the same amount

of spaces) make sure they are the same in that they

are all resources or all processes.

In other words…

A resource and a process would NOT be indented and connected

at the same level.

A point worth repeating:

For any selling process, the customer is ALWAYS

one of the main resources.


Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store?

Explain on the sheet handed out in class.




Distribution: Buying books from a merchant

(Books sold)Distribution: Selling books

(Books)

(Books available for purchase)


Distribution: Selling books(Books sold)

(Books)

(Books for sale)

(Customers)

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a small apparel shop? (click your choice below) A. B.

#74

A.

B.





(Books)




(Books)

(Books for sale)

(Customers)

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store? (click your choice below) A. B.

A.

B.






(Books)




(Books)

(Books for sale)

(Customers)

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store? (click your choice below) A. B.

A.

B.



Right!!! Every selling process

must have “customers” as one of the main

resources.

Some organizations manufacture goods and sell those goods. For example--the design of organizational goals for a hamburger shop. The final output is “hamburgers sold:”

(Cooked hamburgers)

(Customers)

Production: Cooking hamburgers

Distribution: Selling hamburgers(Hamburgers sold)

(Raw materials)Distribution: Buying raw materials

Raw materials available for purchase


Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a small apparel shop that sews clothing and sells them.

Explain your answer on the sheet handed out in class.



Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. (Sewed clothing)

(Customers)

Production: Sewing clothing

Distribution: Selling clothing(Clothing sold)



(Sewed clothing)

(Customers)





Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a clothing store? (click your choice below) A. B.

#75

A.

B.



(Customers)





(Sewed clothing)

(Customers)






A.

B.




(Customers)





(Sewed clothing)

(Customers)






A.

B.



Right on!!! “(Customers)” must be

placed at the same level as “(Sewed clothing)”.

Often you need more than one resource for a process.

For example… in order to cook hamburgers,

you may want to bake the bread yourself rather than buy the bread from some other organizations.

Then, you have to treat bread differently from other

materials that you buy from other organizations as you can see in the following example.


Production: Baking bread

Production: Cooking hamburgers

Distribution: Selling hamburgers

(Customers)

(Hamburgers sold)

(Bread)

(Raw material for baking bread)

(Materials available for purchase)

(Other raw materials)


(Materials available for purchase)

(Cooked hamburgers)


Let’s look at a company like Delta Airlines.

What would be the correct design for this organization? Explain your answer on the

sheet handed out in class.



(People at departure airport)

(People at their destination airport)

Distribution: Flying people to their destination

(Pilots)(Airplanes)




Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines.

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B.

#76





(Pilots)(Airplanes)





Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B.






(Pilots)(Airplanes)





Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B. On to the

next section!


Yup!!! Pilots and airplanes are not main

resources. People at the airport are the main resource because they are what is distributed, not the pilots or

the airplane, at least not as the purpose of the airline.


Let’s try one that’s a little more difficult.

Consider a business that sells sunglasses.



Practice!!-Activity 12This company not only sells

sunglasses that they purchase from other distributors,

but they also manufacture their own line of sunglasses,

using raw materials purchased from other suppliers.

Outline this organization.

For the final question, fill out the handout provided in class pertaining to selling sunglasses. Turn this in with your scantron, and your feedback sheet to your TA to receive full credit for today’s assignment.

#77

(_______________________)

Distribution: Sell sunglasses

(Unsold sunglasses)

__________:_________________

(Sunglasses for sale)

Production: Manufacturing Sunglasses

(Raw Materials)

Distribution: Purchasing raw materials

(___________________)

(____________________)


Let’s review what you’ve learned…

Review!!

For the following questions, select whether the statement

is either TRUE or FALSE.



The OUTPUT is the ultimate goal of the

organization; it is what the organization

is trying to accomplish. #78

A.True

B.False




is trying to accomplish.

A.True

B.False



Sorry, that’s not it.



is trying to accomplish.

A.True

B.False




Keep it up!!!

The PROCESS depicts how to accomplish

the ultimate goal (the output).

#79

A.True

B.False




A.True

B.False



Sorry, try once more.



A.True

B.False




Great work!!!

A way of sequencing organizational goals is to first select the ultimate goal

of the organization (the output),

then select how to achieve that goal (the process),

and finally select what is requiredto accomplish

that goal (the input). #8

0A.True

B.False






that goal (the input).

A.True

B.False



Sorry…give it another shot!





that goal (the input).

A.True

B.False




Correct!!!

The final output of your outline should be defined as

activities or process.

#81

A.True

B.False




A.True

B.False



Sorry…let’s give it another shot!



A.True

B.False




Great job!!!

Review!!

For the following questions, use the provided sheet of paper entitled “Review” to

fill in the answers.

You will create an Input-Process-Output Model for the

following example….

Review!!

Review!!

Analyze the United Parcel Service

with a primary function of package delivery.

Review!!

First… define the final output.

Then… make an outline

of the goals for this organization.

Review!!

Hint: You need only two subsystems

for this: First they collect packages

from pickup sites…Then they deliver the packages

to the individuals.

Review!!

You will be given a short amount of time

to respond to the first part of the model…

Review!!

Then, you will have another opportunity

to continue filling out the model on your paper form

before you’ll have the opportunity to click on a hint

Review!!

Finally, you will have one final opportunity

to continue filling out the model on your paper form

before you’ll have the opportunity to see the final

completed model Click to start the activity!!

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery. Start here!!

Write your answer on the provided form titled “Review”

Click here to see the 1st answer

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery. What’s next???

Click here to see the next hint

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery. What’s next???

Click here to see the FINAL

completed input-process-output

model

This is the FINAL OUTPUT

of the organization

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery.

Is this what you wrote down on your form?

• Yes B. No

HINT: Input-Process-Output Model

United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery.


• Yes B. No

COMPLETED Input-Process-Output Model:

United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery.


• Yes B. No





connected with a line.• Multiple resources or multiple processes





Process:

(Input / Output)

Process:

Process:

Process:

(Input / Output)

(Input / Output)


Subsystem 1

Subsystem 2

Subsystem 3

Subsystem 4






connected with a line.• Multiple resources or multiple processes





Process:

(Input / Output)

Process:

Process:

Process:

(Input / Output)

(Input / Output)


Subsystem 1

Subsystem 2

Subsystem 3

Subsystem 4



Thank you for your time!!!

Please provide any feedback on the sheet handed out in class.

Chapter 7 Goal Directed Systems Design Part 1: Input – Process – Output Model Input: Unsafe...

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