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Chapter 7 DNA Detective: Extensions of Mendelism, Sex …cmalone/pdf100/Ch07-2DNA.pdf · Romanov...
Transcript of Chapter 7 DNA Detective: Extensions of Mendelism, Sex …cmalone/pdf100/Ch07-2DNA.pdf · Romanov...
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chapter 7
DNA Detective:Extensions of Mendelism, Sex Linkage,
Pedigree Analysis, and DNA Fingerprinting
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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7.3 Pedigrees
• A pedigree is a chart showing inheritance patterns
in a family
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Pedigrees• Pedigrees involving the Romanov family (the former Russian
royal family) are useful in showing inheritance of the
hemophilia allele
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7.4 DNA Fingerprinting
• Unless they are identical twins, individuals haveunique DNA
• DNA fingerprinting– The name used for the unambiguous identifying
technique that takes advantage of differences in DNAsequence
• The process of DNA fingerprinting begins byisolating DNA from– blood, semen, vaginal fluids, hair roots, skin, skeletal
remains, or elsewhere
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• If there is only a small amount
of DNA available for DNA
Fingerprinting
– scientists can augment the
amount of DNA using a
technique called PCR
(polymerase chain reaction)
– PCR is doing DNA replication in
a test tube
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DNA Fingerprinting
• After we isolate the DNA and amplify it with PCR
• Treat the DNA with restriction enzymes– cut DNA at specific sequences
– Everyone’s DNA is different, so everyone’s DNA will cut at differentsites
• This results in different sized fragments
• The different sized fragments are called restrictionfragment length polymorphisms, or RFLPs
• We can observe the different sized fragments in anexperiment that separates DNA based on fragment sizecalled Gel Electrophoresis
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Gel Electrophoresis
• Fragments of DNA from restriction enzyme cleavage areseparated from each other when they migrate through asupport called an agarose gel– It is similar to the yummy food Jell-O gelatin
– It is actually made out of some of the same ingredients
• The size-based separation of Molecules of DNA separatebased on size when an electric current is applied to anagarose gel– This is gel electrophoresis
• The DNA fingerprint is the pattern of different sized DNAfragments which will be different for all individuals– The whole process is more complicated, but this is the main point of
the experiment
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Gel Electrophoresis
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DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA fingerprints can be used to determine which
bone fragments belong to which individual
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DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA fingerprints of children should be similar to the those of
parents
• DNA fingerprinting can show which individuals are the
parents of specific children
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DNA Fingerprinting
• Can be used to solve crimes and identify familymembers
• Anna Anderson was a young woman who claimedto be Anastasia Romanov– the supposedly executed Russian princess
• A DNA fingerprint showed she was not related tothe family– based on DNA analyses of the family remains found in
their grave
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DNA Fingerprinting
• Recent scientific studies have applied numerous
genetic rules and techniques to resolve mysteries
involving the Romanov family
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Romanov Family Pedigree