Chapter 7 cells notes
-
Upload
roblmcca13 -
Category
Education
-
view
108 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 7 cells notes
![Page 1: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Structure and Function
![Page 2: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agre and cellsin the news
![Page 3: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cells• Smallest living unit• Most are microscopic
![Page 4: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Discovery of Cells• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork– Saw “row of empty boxes”– Coined the term cell
![Page 5: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cell theory• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow“all cells come from cells”
![Page 6: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells(this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
![Page 7: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cell Size
![Page 8: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
![Page 9: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Characteristics of All Cells• A surrounding membrane• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid• Organelles – structures for cell function• Control center with DNA
![Page 10: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cell Types
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
![Page 11: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cells• First cell type on earth• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
![Page 12: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cells• No membrane bound nucleus• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration• Organelles not bound by membranes
![Page 13: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells• Nucleus bound by membrane• Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells• Possess many organelles
Protozoan
![Page 14: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Representative Animal Cell
![Page 15: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Representative Plant Cell
![Page 16: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Organelles• Cellular machinery • Two general kinds
– Derived from membranes– Bacteria-like organelles
![Page 17: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bacteria-Like Organelles• Derived from symbiotic bacteria
• Ancient association
• Endosymbiotic theory– Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
![Page 18: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plasma Membrane• Contains cell contents• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
![Page 19: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phospholipids
• Polar– Hydrophylic head– Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water
![Page 20: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
![Page 21: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Membrane Proteins1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
![Page 23: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Membrane Proteins3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
![Page 24: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell Walls• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists• Surrounds plasma membrane
![Page 25: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cell Wall Differences• Plants – mostly cellulose• Fungi – contain chitin
![Page 26: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cytoplasm• Viscous fluid containing organelles• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol– Organelles (not nucleus)– storage substances
![Page 27: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cytoskeleton• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types– Microfilaments– Microtubules– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:– mechanical support– anchor organelles– help move
substances
![Page 28: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
![Page 29: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cilia & Flagella• Provide motility• Cilia
– Short– Used to move substances
outside human cells• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
![Page 30: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cilia & Flagella Structure• Bundles of microtubules• With plasma membrane
![Page 31: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Centrioles• Pairs of microtubular structures• Play a role in cell division
![Page 32: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Membranous Organelles• Functional components within cytoplasm• Bound by membranes
![Page 33: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains – Chromosomes– Nucleolus
![Page 34: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nuclear Envelope• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
![Page 35: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes– DNA– Protiens– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
![Page 36: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nucleolus• Most cells have 2 or more• Directs synthesis of RNA• Forms ribosomes
![Page 37: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types– Rough endoplasmic reticulum– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 38: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
![Page 39: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates– Lipids
![Page 40: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall• Packaging & shipping station of cell
![Page 41: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
![Page 42: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
![Page 43: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Lysosomes• Contain digestive enzymes• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal– Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
![Page 45: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Vacuoles• Membrane bound storage sacs• More common in plants than animals• Contents
– Water– Food– wastes
![Page 46: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Release & store energy
• Types – Mitochondria (release energy) – Chloroplasts (store energy)
![Page 47: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Mitochondria• Have their own DNA• Bound by double membrane
![Page 48: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Mitochondria• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose– Fatty acids
• Release energy– ATP
![Page 49: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chloroplasts• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria• Solar energy capturing organelle
![Page 50: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Photosynthesis• Takes place in the chloroplast• Makes cellular food – glucose
![Page 51: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 52: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 53: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Molecule Movement & Cells• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)• Exocytosis
![Page 55: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Passive Transport• No energy required
• Move due to gradient– differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient– High moves toward low
![Page 56: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
![Page 57: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Diffusion• Molecules move to equalize concentration
![Page 58: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water– Into cell– Out of cell
![Page 59: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Solution Differences & Cells• solvent + solute = solution• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic– Solutes greater outside cell– Fluid will flow out of cell
![Page 60: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)• No energy is used
![Page 62: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Process of Facilitated Transport• Protein binds with molecule• Shape of protein changes• Molecule moves across membrane
![Page 63: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Active Transport• Molecular movement• Requires energy (against gradient)• Example is sodium-potassium pump
![Page 64: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Endocytosis
• Movement of large material– Particles– Organisms – Large molecules
• Movement is into cells• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)– receptor-mediated (specific)
![Page 65: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Process of Endocytosis• Plasma membrane surrounds material• Edges of membrane meet• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
![Page 66: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Forms of Endocytosis• Phagocytosis – cell eating• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
![Page 67: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Exocytosis• Reverse of endocytosis• Cell discharges material
![Page 68: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Exocytosis• Vesicle moves to cell surface• Membrane of vesicle fuses • Materials expelled
![Page 69: Chapter 7 cells notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/58a917941a28ab6d2d8b64e1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
End Chapter 5