CHAPTER 6Societies to Social Networks

WHAT IS A GROUP?

Group: People who have something in common and believe what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

Society: people who share a culture and a territory

SOCIETIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION

Domestication Revolution : the first revolution , based on the domestication of pants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societiesHunting and Gathering Society – a

human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survivalUsually NomadicUsually have a shaman: the healing

specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called a with doctor

SOCIETIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION

Pastoral Society: a society based on the pasturing of animals

Horticultural Society: a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools

SOCIETIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION Agricultural Revolution: the second social

revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies

Agricultural Society: a society based on large scale agriculture; plows drawn by animals are the source of food production

SOCIETIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION

Industrial Revolution: The third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power

SOCIETIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION

Industrial Society: a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels.

Postindustrial (Information) Society: a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.

Biotech - New Type? See page 157 Biotech Society: a society whose economy increasingly

centers around the application of genetics – human genetics for medicine, and plant and animal genetics for the production of food and materials

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Aggregate: individuals who temporarily share

the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together (people on a busy street)

Category: people who have similar characteristics (redheads)

Primary Group: a group characterized by intimate, long-term face-to-face association and cooperation

Secondary Group: compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity. Its members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

In groups: groups toward which we feel loyalty

Out groups: groups toward which we feel antagonism

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

Reference group: a group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves (page 162)Expose Us to Contradictory Standards

Social Network: the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

Clique: a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another; an internal faction

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Electronic Community: individuals who

regularly interact with one another on the internet and who think of themselves as belonging together Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Chatrooms, ect.

GROUP DYNAMICS

Group Dynamics: the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

Group Size Affects Stability and IntimacyThe Larger the Group…

Greater Diffusion of Responsibility Increase in Formality Division into Smaller Groups

GROUP DYNAMICS

Dyad: the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

Triad: a group consisting of three people As Size Increases, So Does Stability As Size Increases, Intensity and Intimacy

DecreaseCoalitions: the alignment of some members of

a group against othersSmall group: a group small enough for

everyone to interact directly with all the other members

Networking: using one’s social networks for some gain

LEADERSHIP

Who Becomes a Leader? Leader: Someone who influences other

people Types of Leaders

Instrumental: an individual who tries to keep the group moving towards its goals; also known as a task oriented leader

Expressive: an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

LEADERSHIP

Leadership StylesAuthoritarian: an individual who leads

by giving orders Democratic: an individual who leads by

trying to reach a consensus Laissez-Faire: an individual who leads by

being highly permissive Leadership Styles in Changing

Situations

GROUP DYNAMICS

Power of Peer Pressure—Asch ExperimentStudy on ConformityPage 171

Power of Authority—Milgram Experiment

Administering ShocksPage 172

GROUPTHINK - GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES

Groupthink: a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer; to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of diloyaltyPage 173 ex. NASA , Roosevelt