Chapter 4 - Risk and Rates of Return 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Chapter 6 Risk and Rates of Return 2 Chapter 6 Objectives Inflation and rates of return How to...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Risk and Rates of Return 2 Chapter 6 Objectives Inflation and rates of return How to...
Chapter 6
Risk and Rates of Return
2
Chapter 6 Objectives
Inflation and rates of returnHow to measure risk
(variance, standard deviation, beta)How to reduce risk
(diversification)How to price risk
(security market line, CAPM)
3
Historical Risk and ReturnAnnual From 1926 to 1999
Avg. Return Std Dev.Small Stocks 17.6% 33.6%Large Co. Stocks 13.3% 20.1%L-T Corp Bonds 5.9% 8.7%L-T Govt. Bonds 5.5% 9.3%T-Bills 3.8% 3.2%Inflation 3.2% 4.6%
4
Why are these rates different?
90-day Treasury Bill 1.7%90-day Commercial Paper 1.8%2-year US Treasury Note 3.0%10-year US Treasury Note 5.0%10-year Corporate Bond 6.9%
Inflation, Rates of Return, and the Fisher Effect
InterestRates
Interest RatesConceptually:
Interest RatesConceptually:
Nominalrisk-freeInterest
Rate
krf
=
Interest RatesConceptually:
Nominalrisk-freeInterest
Rate
krf
=
Realrisk-freeInterest
Rate
k*
Interest RatesConceptually:
Nominalrisk-freeInterest
Rate
krf
=
Realrisk-freeInterest
Rate
k*
+
Inflation-risk
premium
IRP
Conceptually:
Nominalrisk-freeInterest
Rate
krf
=
Realrisk-freeInterest
Rate
k*
+
Inflation-risk
premium
IRP
Mathematically:
(1 + krf) = (1 + k*) (1 + IRP)
This is known as the “Fisher Effect”
Interest Rates
11
Suppose the real rate is 3%, and the nominal rate is 8%. What is the inflation rate premium?
(1 + krf) = (1 + k*) (1 + IRP)(1.08) = (1.03) (1 + IRP)(1 + IRP) = (1.0485), so
IRP = 4.85%
Interest Rates
Term Structure of Interest Rates
The pattern of rates of return for debt securities that differ only in the length of time to maturity.
Term Structure of Interest Rates
The pattern of rates of return for debt securities that differ only in the length of time to maturity.
yieldto
maturity
time to maturity (years)
Term Structure of Interest Rates
The pattern of rates of return for debt securities that differ only in the length of time to maturity.
yieldto
maturity
time to maturity (years)
Term Structure of Interest Rates
yieldto
maturity
time to maturity (years)
The yield curve may be downward sloping or “inverted” if rates are expected to fall.
Term Structure of Interest Rates
yieldto
maturity
time to maturity (years)
The yield curve may be downward sloping or “inverted” if rates are expected to fall.
17
Recent US Treasury Yield Curve
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time to Maturity
Yie
ld
Last Semester Last Week
For a Treasury security, what is the required rate of return?
Since Treasuries are essentially free of default risk, the rate of return on a Treasury security is considered the
“risk-free” rate of return.
RequiredRequired
rate of rate of
returnreturn==
Risk-freeRisk-free
rate of rate of
returnreturn
For a corporate stock or bond, what is the required rate of return?
RequiredRequired
rate of rate of
returnreturn==
For a corporate stock or bond, what is the required rate of return?
RequiredRequired
rate of rate of
returnreturn==
Risk-freeRisk-free
rate of rate of
returnreturn
For a corporate stock or bond, what is the required rate of return?
How large of a risk premium should we require to buy a corporate security?
RequiredRequired
rate of rate of
returnreturn== + +
Risk-freeRisk-free
rate of rate of
returnreturn
RiskRisk
premiumpremium
ReturnsExpected Return - the return that an investor expects to earn on an asset, given its price, growth potential, etc.
Required Return - the return that an investor requires on an asset given its risk and market interest rates.
23
Holding Period (Actual) Returns
The realized return over a period of time (HPR).HPR=(Ending Price - Beginning Price + Distributions Received)/Beginning PriceExample: What is your HPR if you buy a stock for $20, receive $1 in dividends, and then sell it for $25.HPR = ($25-$20+$1)/$20 = 0.3 = 30%
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Calculation of Expected ReturnsExpected Rate of Return (Expected Value) given a probability distribution of possible returns(ki): E(k) or k
_ n
E(k)=k = ki P(ki)
i=1
Realized or Average Return on Historical Data: - n
k = 1/n k i
i=1
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Expected Return and Standard Deviation Example
MAD E(r) = .25(80%) + .60(30%) + .15(-30%) = 33.5%CON E(r) = .25(5%) + .60(10%) + .15(15%) = 9.5%
St at e of Cont raryEconom y Probabilit y MAD I nc. Co. ( CON)Boom 0.25 80% 5%Normal 0.60 30% 10%Recession 0.15 - 30% 15%
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Definition of Risk
Risk is an uncertain outcome or chance of an adverse outcome.Concerned with the riskiness of cash flows from financial assets.Namely, the chance that actual cash flows will be different from forecasted cash flows.Standard Deviation can measure this type of risk.
How do we Measure Risk?
A more scientific approach is to examine the stock’s standard deviation of returns.Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of possible outcomes. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the uncertainty, and therefore , the greater the risk.
Standard Deviation
= (ki - k)2 P(ki) n
i=1
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Expected Return and Standard Deviation Example
MAD E(r) = .25(80%) + .60(30%) + .15(-30%) = 33.5%CON E(r) = .25(5%) + .60(10%) + .15(15%) = 9.5%
St at e of Cont raryEconom y Probabilit y MAD I nc. Co. ( CON)Boom 0.25 80% 5%Normal 0.60 30% 10%Recession 0.15 - 30% 15%
MAD, Inc. ( 80% - 33.5%)2 (.25) = 540.56(30% - 33.5%)2 (.6) = 7.35(-30% - 33.5%)2 (.15) = 604.84
Variance = 1152.75%
Stand. dev. = 1152.75 = 34.0%
MAD, Inc. ( 80% - 33.5%)2 (.25) = 540.56(30% - 33.5%)2 (.6) = 7.35(-30% - 33.5%)2 (.15) = 604.84
Variance = 1152.75%
Stand. dev. = 1152.75 = 34.0%
= (ki - k)2 P(ki) n
i=1
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Expected Return and Standard Deviation Example
St at e of Cont raryEconom y Probabilit y MAD I nc. Co. ( CON)Boom 0.25 80% 5%Normal 0.60 30% 10%Recession 0.15 - 30% 15%
MAD E(r) = .25(80%) + .60(30%) + .15(-30%) = 33.5%CON E(r) = .25(5%) + .60(10%) + .15(15%) = 9.5%
Contrary Co. (5% - 9.5%)2 (.25) = 5.06(10% - 9.5%)2 (.6) = 0.15(15% - 9.5%)2 (.15) = 4.54Variance = 9.75%
Stand. dev. = 9.75 = 3.1%
= (ki - k)2 P(ki) n
i=1
Which stock would you prefer?How would you decide?
Which stock would you prefer?How would you decide?
It depends on your tolerance for risk!
Remember, there’s a tradeoff between risk and return.
Return
Risk
36
Coefficient of Variation
A relative measure of risk. Whereas, is an absolute measure of risk. Relates risk to expected return.CV = /E(k)MAD’s CV = 34%/33.5% = 1.01CON’s CV = 3.1%/9.5% = 0.33CONtrary is the less risky of the two investments. Would choose CON if risk averse.
Portfolios
Expected Portfolio Return is weighted average of the expected returns of the individual stocks = Σwjkj.However, portfolio risk (standard deviation) is NOT the weighted average of the standard deviations of the individual stocks.Combining several securities in a portfolio can actually reduce overall risk.How does this work?
Suppose we have stock A and stock B. The returns on these stocks do not tend to move together over time (they are not perfectly correlated).
rateof
return
time
kA
kB
rateof
return
time
kpkA
kB
What has happened to the variability of returns for the
portfolio?
Diversification
Investing in more than one security to reduce risk.If two stocks are perfectly positively correlated, diversification has no effect on risk.If two stocks are perfectly negatively correlated, the portfolio is perfectly diversified.
If you owned a share of every stock traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ, would you be diversified?
YES!Would you have eliminated all of your risk?
NO! Common stock portfolios still have risk.
42
Some risk can be diversified away and some cannot.
Market risk (systematic risk) is nondiversifiable. This type of risk cannot be diversified away.Company-unique risk (unsystematic risk) is diversifiable. This type of risk can be reduced through diversification.
Market Risk
Unexpected changes in interest rates.Unexpected changes in cash flows due to tax rate changes, foreign competition, and the overall business cycle.
Company-unique Risk
A company’s labor force goes on strike.A company’s top management dies in a plane crash.A huge oil tank bursts and floods a company’s production area.
As you add stocks to your portfolio, company-unique risk is reduced.
portfoliorisk
number of stocks
Market risk
As you add stocks to your portfolio, company-unique risk is reduced.
portfoliorisk
number of stocks
Market risk
company-unique
risk
Do some firms have more market risk than others?
Yes. For example:Interest rate changes affect
all firms, but which would be more affected:
a) Retail food chainb) Commercial bank
Note:
The market compensates investors for accepting risk - but only for market risk. Company-unique risk can and should be diversified away.
So - we need to be able to measure market risk.
This is why we have Beta.Beta: a measure of market risk.
Specifically, beta is a measure of how an individual stock’s returns vary with market returns.
It’s a measure of the “sensitivity” of an individual stock’s returns to changes in the market.
50
The Concept of BetaBeta() measures how the return of an individual asset (or even a portfolio) varies with the market portfolio. = 1.0 : same risk as the market < 1.0 : less risky than the market > 1.0 : more risky than the marketBeta is the slope of the regression line (y = a + x) between a stock’s return(y) and the market return(x) over time, from simple linear regression.i = Covariancei,m/Mkt. Var. =imim/m
2
51
Relating Market Risk and Required Return: the CAPM
Here’s the word story: a stock’s required rate of return = risk-free rate + the stock’s risk premium.The main assumption is investors hold well diversified portfolios = only concerned with market risk. A stock’s risk premium = measure of systematic risk X market risk premium.
52
CAPM Equationkrp= market risk premium = km - krf
stock risk premium = j(krp)
kj = krf + j(km - krf )
= krf + j (krp)Example: What is Yahoo’s required return if
its b = 1.75, the current 3-mo. T-bill rate is 1.7%, and the historical market risk premium of 9.5% is demanded?
Yahoo k = 1.7% + 1.75(9.5%) = 18.3%
53
Question: If Yahoo’s exp. Return = 15%, what to do?
Required vs. Expected Return
15%19.10%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Beta
Retu
rn
Req. Return Exp Return
54
Portfolio Beta and CAPMThe for a portfolio of stocks is the weighted average of the individual stock s.
p = wjj
Example: The risk-free rate is 6%, the market return is 16%. What is the required return for a portfolio consisting of 40% AOL with b = 1.7, 30% Exxon with b = 0.85, and 30% Fox Corp. with b = 1.15.Bp = .4(1.7)+.3(0.85)+.3(1.15) = 1.28kp = 6% + 1.28(16% - 6%) = 18.8%
55
More SML Fun!
According to the CAPM and SML equation with k = 6% + (16% - 6%)How would a change in inflation affect required returns? (Say inflation increases 2% points)How would a change in risk aversion (market risk premium) affect required returns? (Say market risk premium decreases 2% points.)
56
Changes to SMLSecurity Market Line
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0 1 2 3
Beta
Retu
rn
Original SML
57
Changes to SMLSecurity Market Line
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0 1 2 3
Beta
Retu
rn
Original SML
IncreasedInflation
58
Changes to SMLSecurity Market Line
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0 1 2 3
Beta
Retu
rn
Original SML
Less RiskAversion
59
Limitations of CAPM/SML
Don’t really know what the market portfolio is, which makes it hard to estimate market expected or required return.Beta estimates can be unstable and might not reflect the future.Maturity debate over proper risk-free estimate.Most investors focus on more than systematic risk.