Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions.
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions.
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Chapter 6 Perception
Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions
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The Perception Paradox—misperceiving reality
Perception failure — our perceptual
experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus
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Three approaches to perception Computational approach — focuses on how computations by the nervous
system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality
Constructivist approach — the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory
information to construct an image of reality Ecological approach — humans and other species are so well adapted to
their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences
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Selective Attention—the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Cocktail party effect—the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many
The experiments (视而不见) U. Neisser(1979) and … Can unnoticed stimuli affect us? “We stood by the bank” (river or money)
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Perceptual Illusions
Optical ~: misjudge length, position, motion, curvature, or direction
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A classic illusion created by Franz Müller-Lyer, 1889
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The Poggenddorff illusion
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The Ebbinghaus illusion
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Zollner illusion
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The face looks familiar
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Perceptual Organization
Gestalt — an organized whole — the whole may exceed the
sum of its partsForm perception
Figure and Ground — the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
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A face or an Eskimo
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An old man or two young lovers
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A young lady or a man playing saxophone
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Salvador Dali’s Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940)
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Grouping — the perceptual tendency
to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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Proximity
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Similarity
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Continuity
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Closure
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Depth Perception—learned or innate Visual Cliff
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Binocular Cues
Retinal disparity Convergence
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Monocular Cues: relative size —if separate objects are expected to be of the
same size, the larger ones are seen as closer
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Linear perspective — parallel lines appear to converge with distance
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Texture gradient — a texture is coarser for near areas and finer for more distant ones
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Interposition — the shapes of near objects overlap or mask of more distant ones
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Height in plane — near objects are low in the visual field; more distant ones are higher up
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Light and shadow—patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of three-dimensional forms
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Motion Perception—phi phenomenon
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Perceptual Constancy
ShapeSizeLightnessColor
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Color depends on context
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Perceptual Adaptation
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Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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Recognizing faces
Our schemas for faces prime us to see facial patterns
Average face?
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平均脸:more attractive?
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Recognizing the Perceptual World
Bottom-up processingTop-down processingNetwork processing
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Perception and Human Factor