Chapter 6 - Napa Valley College Pages - Napa Valley ... 218...Introduction •Basic Features...

Lecture Presentation by

Steven Bassett

Southeast Community College

Chapter 6

The Skeletal

System

Axial Division

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction

• Basic Features

• Skeleton is divided into two sections

• Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

• There are 206 separate bones

• Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones

• Composed of bones along the central axis of the

body

• Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones


Introduction

• Basic Features

• Axial skeleton

• Consists of:

• skull bones/auditory ossicles/hyoid/vertebral

column/thoracic cage

• Appendicular skeleton

• Consists of:

• limbs/pectoral girdle/pelvic girdle


Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton


Skull

b

Ribs

Sternum

Lumbar

vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Skull

Cervical

vertebrae

Thoracic

vertebrae Ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Anterior (above) and posterior (below) views

of the bones of the axial skeleton.

Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton


SKELETAL SYSTEM

a

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

206

126 80

(See Figure 7.1)

Skull

Skull and associated

bones 29

Associated

bones

Cranium 8

Face 14

Auditory

ossicles 6

Hyoid 1

Sternum 1

Ribs 24

Thoracic

cage 25

Vertebral

column 26

Vertebrae 24

Sacrum 1

Coccyx 1

Anterior view of the skeleton

highlighting components of the

axial skeleton; the flowchart

indicates relationships among

the axial components.

Introduction

• Function of the Axial Skeleton

• Framework that supports and protects organs in

the dorsal and ventral body cavities

• Protects special sense organs for taste, smell,

hearing, balance, and vision

• Attachment sites for muscles that:

• Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk

• Move the thoracic cage for respiration

• Stabilize the appendicular skeleton


The Skull and Associated Bones

• Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

• The skull consists of

• Face

• Cranium

• Associated bones

• The face: 14 individual bones

• The cranium: 8 individual bones

• The associated bones: 7 individual bones


Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull


Nasal bones

Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone

Vomer

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Frontal

bone Parietal bone

Temporal

bone

Occipital

bone

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Hyoid bone

Auditory ossicles

FACE

Maxillae

Palatine bones

Inferior nasal conchae

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

Vomer

Mandible

14

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

8

1

CRANIUM ASSOCIATED BONES

Occipital bone

Parietal bones

Frontal bone

Temporal bones

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Hyoid bone

SKULL

Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18)

7

6


• Posterior View of the Occipital Bone

• Lambdoid suture

• Suture between the occipital bone and the two

parietal bones (superior skull)

• Sagittal suture

• Suture between the two parietal bones

• External occipital protuberance

• Bulge about midway of the occipital bone

• Occipital bone

• Most posterior bone of the skull


Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull


Left

parietal

bone

a

Right

parietal

bone

Occipital

bone

Left parietal

bone

Right

parietal

bone

Occipital bone

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Occipital condyle

External occipital protuberance

Mandible

Posterior view of the bones

of the adult skull

Major Sutures

of the Skull


• Superior View of the Skull

• Parietal bones

• Left and right parietal bones

• Sagittal suture

• Between the two parietal bones

• Coronal suture

• Between the frontal bone and the two parietal

bones

• Frontal bone

• The most anterior bone of the skullcap


Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull


b

Sagittal suture

Major Sutures

of the Skull

Lambdoid suture

Coronal suture

Zygomatic bone

Occipital bone Occipital bone

Right

parietal

bone

Right

parietal

bone

Left

parietal

bone

Left

parietal

bone

Frontal

bone

Frontal

bone

Nasal

bones

Superior view of the

bones of the adult skull


• Lateral View of the Skull

• Frontal bone

• Parietal bone

• Occipital bone

• Temporal bone

• External acoustic meatus

• Mastoid process

• Zygomatic process

• Styloid process


Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull


Frontal bone

c

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Mandible

Superior temporal line

Inferior temporal line

Supra-orbital foramen

Sphenoid

Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove of

lacrimal bone Ethmoid

Infra-orbital foramen

Maxilla

Zygomatic bone

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance

Styloid process

Zygomatic process

of temporal bone

Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic

arch

Major Sutures of

the Skull

Coronal suture

Squamous suture

Frontonasal suture

Lambdoid suture

External acoustic

meatus

Mastoid process

Frontal bone Parietal bone

Squamous part of temporal bone

Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull


Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

External occipital

protuberance

External acoustic

meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Coronal suture

Sphenoid


Ethmoid

Frontonasal suture

Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove

of lacrimal bone


Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of

temporal bone

Mantal foramen

Mental protuberance


• Anterior View of the Skull

• Frontal bone

• Supra-orbital foramen

• Nasal bone

• Maxilla bone

• Infra-orbital foramen

• Mandible bone


Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull


Frontal bone

d

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance

Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Temporal bone

Sphenoid

Zygomatic bone


Mastoid process

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Mandible

Coronal suture

Nasal bone

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal


Lacrimal bone

Middle nasal concha

Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Perpendicular

plate of ethmoid

Vomer

Bony nasal septum

Mental protuberance

Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull


• Anterior View of the Skull (continued)

• Nasal cavity

• Vomer

• Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

• Nasal concha

• Eye socket

• Optic canal

• Superior orbital fissure

• Inferior orbital fissure

• Ethmoid and lacrimal bones



• Inferior View of the Skull

• Occipital bone

• Foramen magnum

• Occipital condyles

• Basioccipital

• Between the foramen magnum and the vomer

• Condyloid fossa

• Condyloid foramen (within the condyloid fossa)


Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull


Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed e

Vomer

Greater palatine foramen

Frontal bone

Lesser palatine foramen

Zygomatic bone

Sphenoid

Foramen ovale

Styloid process

Mandibular fossa

Temporal squama

External

acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Condylar fossa

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

External occipital

protuberance

Greater palatine foramen

Incisive fossa

Palatine process of maxilla

Maxilla

Palatine bone

Internal naris

Zygomatic arch

Plates of pterygoid process

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

Temporal bone

Mastoid process

Stylomastoid foramen

Occipitomastoid suture

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Superior nuchal line

Incisive fossa

Palatine process of maxilla

Maxilla

Palatine bone

Internal naris

Zygomatic arch

Plates of pterygoid process

Vomer

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

Mastoid process

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Occipital bone

Lesser palatine foramen

Zygomatic bone

Sphenoid

Mandibular fossa

Jugular foramen

Styloid process

Stylomastoid foramen

Temporal bone

Occipitomastoid suture

Hypoglossal canal

Condylar fossa

Lambdoid suture


External occipital

protuberance


• Inferior View of the Roof of the Mouth

• Palatine process of the maxilla (anterior

palatine)

• Incisive fossa

• Incisive foramen (within the incisive fossa)

• Palatine bone (posterior palatine)

• Greater palatine foramen

• Lesser palatine foramen



• Inferior View of the Skull (continued)

• Internal nares

• Also called choana

• Vomer

• Inferior bone of the nasal septum



• Inferior View of the Skull (continued)

• Foramen

• Foramen lacerum

• Carotid canal

• Foramen ovale

• Foramen spinosum

• Jugular foramen

• Stylomastoid foramen



• Internal View of the Skull

• Frontal bone

• Ethmoid bone

• Crista galli

• Cribriform plate

• Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina)

• Sphenoid bone

• Temporal bone

• Occipital bone


Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I


Frontal bone

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Carotid canal

Mastoid foramen

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen

magnum

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Sella turcica

Foramen rotundum

Foramen lacerum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Internal

acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Frontal sinus

Sphenoid

Frontal bone

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Sella turcica

Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Temporal bone

Carotid canal

Mastoid foramen

Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Horizontal section


• Internal View of the Skull (continued)

• Sphenoid bone

• Sella turcica

• Dorsum sellae

• Hypophyseal fossa

• Tuberculum sellae




• Foramen

• Optic canals

• Foramen rotundum

• Foramen lacerum

• Foramen ovale

• Foramen spinosum

• Hypoglossal canal

• Foramen magnum

• Carotid canal

• Jugular foramen




• Internal acoustic meatus

• Petrous portion of the temporal bone

• Organs for balance and hearing are embedded

in this structure



• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

• Ethmoid bone

• Crista galli (anterior brain attachment)


• Sphenoid bone

• Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland sits in this fossa

for protection)



• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (continued)

• Occipital bone

• Foramen magnum area

• Clivus (slant from the dorsum sella to the foramen

magnum)

• Nasal cavity


• Vomer


Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II


Sphenoid

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoidal sinus (right)

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Vomer

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica

Internal acoustic meatus

Occipital bone

Hypoglossal canal

Styloid process

Sphenoid

Frontal bone

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone


Vomer

Maxilla

Palatine bone

Mandible

Anterior nasal spine

Coronal suture

Sphenoidal sinuses

(left and right)

Squamous suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Petrous part of temporal bone


Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Margin of

foramen magnum Sagittal section

Occipital condyle


• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (continued)

• Sinuses

• Frontal sinus

• Sphenoidal sinus


Sutures of the Skull

• Lambdoid suture

• Suture between the occipital and parietal bones

• Sagittal suture

• Suture between the parietal bones

• Coronal suture

• Suture between the frontal and parietal bones


Sutures of the Skull

• Squamous suture

• Suture between the temporal bone and the

parietal bones

• Frontonasal suture

• Suture between the nasal and frontal bones


Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull


Left

parietal

bone

a

Right

parietal

bone

Occipital

bone

Left parietal

bone

Right

parietal

bone

Occipital bone

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Occipital condyle


Mandible

Posterior view of the bones

of the adult skull

Major Sutures

of the Skull

Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull


b

Sagittal suture

Major Sutures

of the Skull

Lambdoid suture

Coronal suture

Zygomatic bone

Occipital bone Occipital bone

Right

parietal

bone

Right

parietal

bone

Left

parietal

bone

Left

parietal

bone

Frontal

bone

Frontal

bone

Nasal

bones

Superior view of the

bones of the adult skull

Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull


Frontal bone

c

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Mandible




Sphenoid

Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove of

lacrimal bone Ethmoid


Maxilla

Zygomatic bone

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance

Styloid process

Zygomatic process

of temporal bone

Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic

arch

Major Sutures of

the Skull

Coronal suture

Squamous suture

Frontonasal suture

Lambdoid suture

External acoustic

meatus

Mastoid process

Frontal bone Parietal bone

Squamous part of temporal bone



Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

External occipital

protuberance

External acoustic

meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Coronal suture

Sphenoid


Ethmoid

Frontonasal suture

Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove

of lacrimal bone


Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of

temporal bone

Mantal foramen

Mental protuberance

Bones of the Cranium

• The Occipital Bone

• Single bone

• Foramen magnum

• Opening for the spinal cord

• Occipital condyles

• Articulate with the first cervical vertebra

• Hypoglossal canals

• Opening for the hypoglossal nerve that innervates

the tongue

• Condyloid foramen

• In the center of the condyloid fossa


Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones


Hypoglossal

canal

a

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Condylar fossa

Inferior nuchal line

External occipital crest



Occipital bone, inferior (external) view.

Figure 6.6b The Occipital and Parietal Bones


b Occipital bone, superior (internal) view.

Foramen magnum

Jugular notch

Groove for sigmoid sinus

Entrance to

hypoglossal canal

Fossa for cerebellum

Internal occipital crest

Fossa for cerebrum

Internal occipital protuberance


• Parietal Bones

• Paired bones

• Internal surface retains the impression of cranial

blood vessels


Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II


Sphenoid

Coronal suture

Frontal bone


Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone


Vomer

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica


Occipital bone

Hypoglossal canal

Styloid process

Sphenoid

Frontal bone

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone


Vomer

Maxilla

Palatine bone

Mandible


Coronal suture

Sphenoidal sinuses

(left and right)

Squamous suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone



Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Margin of

foramen magnum Sagittal section

Occipital condyle


• Frontal Bone

• Single bone

• The superior ridge of the eye socket is part of the

frontal bone

• There is a notch for the position of the ethmoid

bone

• Cribriform plate and crista galli

• An internal ridge (frontal crest) is positioned

anterior to the cribriform plate


Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (1 of 2)


Frontal bone

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Carotid canal

Mastoid foramen

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Horizontal section

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Sella turcica

Foramen rotundum

Foramen lacerum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Internal

acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen

magnum

Figure 6.7a The Frontal Bone


a

Squamous part (squamous surface)

Anterior view (external surface)

Squamous part (squamous surface)

Frontal (metopic) suture


Superciliary arch

Supra-orbital margin

Supra-orbital notch Supra-orbital foramen

Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone


c Posterior view

Margin of coronal suture

Squamous part

Frontal crest

Orbital part

Notch for ethmoid


• The Temporal Bone

• Paired bones

• Squamous part of the temporal bone

• Relatively flat bone of the skull makes up the lateral

walls of the cranium

• Mastoid process

• Consists of the mastoid sinuses

• Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

• Styloid process

• Neck muscle attachment



• The Temporal Bone

• External acoustic meatus

• Entrance into the ear canal

• Zygomatic process

• Extension of the temporal bone that articulates with

the zygomatic bone

• Petrous portion of the temporal bone

• Inside the skull it forms an oblique ridge between

the temporal bone and the occipital bone

• Houses the auditory sense organs

• Three auditory ossicles per ear


Figure 6.8a The Temporal Bone


a

Squamous part

(squama)

External acoustic meatus

Styloid process

Mandibular fossa

Articular tubercle

Zygomatc process

Right temporal bone, lateral view

Mastoid process

Figure 6.8b The Temporal Bone


External acoustic meatus

Tympanic part

Mastoid process, cut to show

mastoid air cells

Cutaway view of the mastoid

air cells

b


• The Sphenoid Bone

• Single bone

• Sella turcica

• Dorsum sellae

• Hypophyseal fossa (fossa for the pituitary gland)

• Tuberculum sellae

• Anterior clinoid processes

• Posterior clinoid processes

• Optic canals

• Openings for the optic nerves


Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid


Foramen rotundum

a


Optic canal

Optic groove

Anterior clinoid

process

Lesser wing

Greater wing

Sella turcica

Dorsum sellae

Sphenoidal spine

Tuberculum sellae

Foramen ovale

Posterior clinoid process

Foramen spinosum

Foramen rotundum

Anterior clinoid process

Optic groove

Tuberculum sellae

Lesser wing

Temporal bone

Greater wing

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Sphenoidal spine

To optic canal

Sella turcica

Dorsum sellae

Posterior clinoid process

Middle clinoid process

Superior surface

Figure 6.9b The Sphenoid


Anterior surface b

Lateral plate


Sphenoidal sinus

Pterygoid canal

Lesser wing

Greater wing

Orbital surface of

greater wing

Foramen rotundum

Medial plate

Pterygoid process

Greater wing


Sphenoidal sinus

Lesser wing

Body

Orbital surface of

greater wing

Foramen rotundum

Pterygoid canal

Pterygoid process

Lateral plate

Medial plate


• The Ethmoid Bone

• Single bone


• Superior portion of the nasal septum

• Crista galli

• Superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the

ethmoid

• Cribriform plate

• Borders the crista galli

• Cribriform plate foramina (olfactory foramina)

• Openings for the olfactory nerves


Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid


b Anterior view

Ethmoidal labyrinth

containing lateral masses

Cribriform plate

Crista galli

Middle nasal

concha

Perpendicular plate


• The Cranial Fossae

• Anterior cranial fossa

• Consists of the frontal and ethmoid bones

• Middle cranial fossa

• Extends from the internal nares to the petrous

portion of the temporal bone

• Consists of the sphenoid, temporal, and parietal

bones

• Posterior cranial fossa

• Extends from the petrous portion of the temporal

bone to the posterior skull

• Consists mainly of the occipital bone


Figure 6.11 The Cranial Fossae


Optic groove

a

b

Crista galli

Frontal sinus

Nasal conchae (superior, middle,

and inferior)

Sphenopalatine foramen

Sphenoidal sinus

Anterior cranial fossa

Sella turcica

Hypoglossal canal

Internal acoustic

meatus

Jugular foramen

Posterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

A sagittal section through the skull showing

the relative positions of the cranial fossae.

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Olfactory tract

Occulomotor nerve

Cerebral arterial circle

Crista galli of ethmoid

Cribriform plate

Anterior

cranial

fossa

Midbrain

Foramen magnum

Posterior

cranial

fossa

Middle

cranial

fossa

Anterior

cranial

fossa

Posterior

cranial

fossa

Middle

cranial

fossa

Sella turcica

Entrance to optic canal

Anterior clinoid process


Foramen rotundum

Posterior clinoid

process

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen lacerum



Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of

the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem

and associated nerves and blood vessels remain.

Bones of the Face

• The bones that make up the face are:

• Maxillae (paired)

• Palatine (paired)

• Nasal (paired)

• Inferior nasal conchae (paired)

• Zygomatic (paired)

• Lacrimal (paired)

• Vomer (single)

• Mandible (single)


Bones of the Face

• The Maxillae

• Paired bones

• Make up the upper jaw

• Maxillary sinuses

• Anterior nasal spine

• Alveolar processes

• Tooth sockets


Bones of the Face

• The Maxillae (continued)

• Anterior nasal spine

• Infra-orbital foramen

• Openings for the maxillary nerve passing through

the foramen rotundum

• Palatine process

• Anterior palatine bone (roof of the mouth)

• Incisive foramen

• Opening for nerve and small arteries that innervate

the palatal surface


Figure 6.12 The Maxillae


Body

a b c

Zygomatic

process

Frontal process

Lacrimal groove

Orbital surface


Maxillary sinus


Incisive canal

Palatine process

Alveolar

process

Maxillary sinuses

Alveolar process

Palatine bone

(horizontal

plate)

Incisive

canals

Palatine process

of right maxilla

Right maxilla, anterior

and lateral surfaces

Right maxilla,

medial surface

Superior view of a horizontal section

through both maxillae and palatine bones

showing the orientation of the maxillary

sinuses and the structure of the bony palate

Bones of the Face

• The Palatine Bones

• Paired bones

• Posterior to the palatine process of the maxillae

• Makes up 1/3 of the roof of the mouth


Figure 6.12c The Maxillae


Alveolar

process

Maxillary sinuses

Palatine bone

(horizontal

plate)

Incisive

canals

Palatine process

of right maxilla

Superior view of a horizontal section

through both maxillae and palatine bones

showing the orientation of the maxillary

sinuses and the structure of the bony palate

c

Bones of the Face

• The Nasal Bones

• Paired bones

• Articulate with the frontal bone at the frontonasal

suture

• The lateral edges of each nasal bone articulate

with the maxillae


Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (1 of 2)


Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla


Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal



Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance

d Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull

Bones of the Face

• The Inferior Nasal Conchae

• Paired bones

• Attached to the lateral wall of each nasal cavity




Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla


Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal



Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance


Bones of the Face

• The Zygomatic Bones

• Paired bones

• Articulates with the maxillae and the zygomatic

process of the temporal bone and the frontal bone

• Makes up the lateral wall of the eye socket




Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla


Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal



Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance


Bones of the Face

• The Lacrimal Bones

• Paired bones

• Smallest bones of the skull

• Positioned on the medial aspect of the eye socket

(anterior to the ethmoid bone)

• Consists of a lacrimal foramen (nasolacrimal

canal)

• Drains tears into the nasal cavity


Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (1 of 2)


c

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Styloid process

Zygomatic process

of temporal bone

Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic

arch

Major Sutures of

the Skull

Coronal suture

Squamous suture

Frontonasal suture

Lambdoid suture

External acoustic

meatus

Mastoid process

Mandible




Sphenoid

Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove of

lacrimal bone

Ethmoid


Maxilla

Zygomatic bone

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance


Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex (1 of 2)


Sphenoid



Zygomatic bone

Infra-orbital groove


Frontal bone

Supra-orbital notch

Optic canal

Palatine bone

Ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal groove

Nasolacrimal canal

Maxillary bone

Bones of the Face

• The Vomer

• Single bone

• Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum


Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)


Sphenoid

Coronal suture

Frontal bone


Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone


Vomer

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Sagittal section

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica


Occipital bone

Hypoglossal canal

Styloid process



Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla


Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal



Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance


Bones of the Face

• The Mandible

• Single bone

• Makes up the lower jaw

• Head (mandibular condyle)

• Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the

temporal bone

• Mandibular notch

• Coronoid process


Bones of the Face

• The Mandible (continued)

• Ramus

• Angle

• Body

• Alveolar process (tooth sockets)

• Mental foramina (openings for the passage of

nerves)

• Mental protuberance (bony ridge on the anterior

edge)


Figure 6.14a The Mandible


Head

a

Teeth (molar)

Mylohyoid line

Coronoid process

Condylar process

Mandibular notch

Ramus

Angle Mental foramen

Body

Mental protuberance

Alveolar part

Superior and lateral surfaces

The Orbital and Nasal Complexes and the Hyoid Bone

• The Orbital Complex

• Made of 7 bony structures

• Frontal (roof of the orbit)

• Zygomatic (lateral edge of the orbit)

• Maxilla (floor of the orbit)

• Palatine bone (part of the floor of the orbit)

• Lacrimal bone (medial edge of the orbit)

• Ethmoid bone (medial edge of the orbit)

• Sphenoid bone (posterior edge of the orbit)


Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex


Sphenoid



Zygomatic bone



Frontal bone

Supra-orbital notch

Optic canal

Palatine bone

Ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal groove

Nasolacrimal canal

Maxillary bone

Sphenoid



Zygomatic bone

Ethmoid


Frontal bone

Optic canal

Maxillary bone


Nasolacrimal canal

Supra-orbital notch


• The Orbital Complex (continued)

• Superior orbital fissure (opening for the

following nerves)

• Oculomotor

• Trochlear

• Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve



• The Orbital Complex (continued)

• Inferior orbital fissure (opening for the

following nerve)

• Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

• Optic canal (opening for the following nerve)

• Optic nerve


Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex


Sphenoid



Zygomatic bone



Frontal bone

Supra-orbital notch

Optic canal

Palatine bone

Ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal groove

Nasolacrimal canal

Maxillary bone

Sphenoid



Zygomatic bone

Ethmoid


Frontal bone

Optic canal

Maxillary bone


Nasolacrimal canal

Supra-orbital notch


• The Nasal Complex

• Nasal septum

• Vomer


• Ethmoid bone


• Crista galli

• Superior and middle nasal conchae

• Maxillary bone

• Inferior nasal conchae


Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part II (1 of 2)


Sphenoid

Coronal suture

Frontal bone


Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Nasal bone


Vomer

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Sagittal section

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica


Occipital bone

Hypoglossal canal

Styloid process

Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull


Frontal bone

d

Parietal bone


Sphenoid

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomaticofacial

foramen

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla


Vomer

Mandible

Coronal suture

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal



Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance

Frontal bone

Parietal bone


Temporal bone

Sphenoid

Zygomatic bone


Mastoid process

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Mandible

Coronal suture

Nasal bone

Frontonasal suture

Optic canal


Lacrimal bone

Middle nasal concha

Temporal process of

zygomatic bone


Perpendicular

plate of ethmoid

Vomer

Bony nasal septum

Mental protuberance

Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull


• The Nasal Complex (continued)

• Ethmoid bone

• Notice how the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

protrudes into the cranial cavity forming the crista

galli

• The paranasal sinuses

• Frontal sinus

• Sphenoidal sinus

• Maxillary sinuses

• Ethmoidal air sacs


Figure 6.16a The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses


a

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal air cells

Sphenoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus

Locations of the paranasal sinuses

Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex and Paranasal Sinuses


Vomer

Nasal septum

Frontal bone

Ethmoidal air cells

Zygomatic bone

Superior nasal concha

Middle nasal concha

Maxilla


Cranial cavity

Perpendicular

plate

Crista galli

ORBIT

Mandible

Left nasal

cavity

Maxillary

sinus

Ethmoid

A diagrammatic frontal section showing

the positions of the paranasal sinuses

b


• The Hyoid Bone

• Does not articulate with any other bone

• It is suspended inferior to the skull

• The inferior portion is connected to the

thyrohyoid ligament

• The superior portion is suspended from the

mandible via muscles

• Stylohyoid muscle

• Digastric muscle



• The Hyoid Bone (continued)

• Bony projections of the hyoid bone

• Greater horn

• Lesser horn

• Body


Figure 6.17 The Hyoid Bone


Greater horn

a

Lesser horn

Body

The isolated

hyoid bone,

anterosuperior

view

Greater horn

Digastric muscle

(anterior belly)

Lesser horn

Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid

cartilage

Styloid process

(temporal bone)

Mastoid process

(temporal bone)

Mandible

Stylohyoid ligament

Stylohyoid muscle

Digastric muscle

(posterior belly)

Anterior view showing the relationship

of the hyoid bone to the skull, the

larynx, and selected skeletal muscles

b

The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults

• Major features of the infant skull

• 4 major fontanel areas

• Membranous areas where sutures will eventually

form

• Allow for distortion of the skull during childbirth

• Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”)

• Posterior fontanel

• Sphenoidal fontanels

• Mastoid fontanels


Figure 6.18 The Skull of an Infant


Mandible

a b

d c

Sphenoidal

fontanel

Mastoid

fontanel

Fontanels

Coronal

suture Frontal

bone

Parietal

bone

Greater wing

of sphenoid

Nasal

bone

Maxilla

Temporal

bone

Squamous

suture Occipital

bone

Lambdoid

suture

Sagittal suture

Parietal bone

Anterior fontanel

Coronal suture

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Frontal suture

Lateral view Anterior/superior view

Fontanels

Anterior fontanel

Coronal suture

Frontal

bone

Parietal

bone

Frontal suture Sagittal suture Occipital

bone

Lambdoid

suture

Parietal

bone

Frontal

bone

Coronal suture

Superior view

Sagittal suture

Parietal

bone

Posterior

fontanel

Lambdoid

suture

Occipital bone

Posterior view

Posterior fontanel

Review of the Skull

• There are 22 bones of the skull

• Facial bones

• Maxillae – 2

• Palatine bones – 2

• Nasal bones – 2

• Inferior nasal conchae – 2

• Zygomatic bones – 2

• Lacrimal bones – 2

• Vomer – 1

• Mandible – 1


Review of the Skull (continued)

• There are 22 bones of the skull

• Cranial bones

• Occipital bone – 1

• Parietal bones – 2

• Frontal bone – 1

• Temporal bones – 2

• Sphenoid bone – 1

• Ethmoid bone – 1


Review of the Skull (continued)

• There are 7 associated bones of the skull

• Associated bones

• Auditory ossicles – 6

• Hyoid bone – 1


The Vertebral Column

• The adult vertebral column is made up of 26

bones

• 24 vertebrae

• 7 cervical vertebrae

• 12 thoracic vertebrae

• 5 lumbar vertebrae

• 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

• 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae)



• Functional Anatomy of the Vertebral Column

• Encloses and protects the spinal cord

• Supports the skull

• Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk

• Transfers weight to the lower limbs

• Helps maintain the upright position of the body


Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column


a The major divisions of the

vertebral column showing

the four adult spinal curves

b Normal vertebral

column, lateral view

Cervical

Thoracic

Regions are defined

by anatomical

characteristics of

individual vertebrae.

VERTEBRAL REGIONS

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

a

Primary curves

develop before birth,

and secondary curves

after birth.

SPINAL CURVES

Cervical curve.

A secondary curve;

develops as the infant

learns to balance the

Weight of the head on

the vertebrae of the neck.

Thoracic curve.

A primary curve;

accommodates

the thoracic

organs.

Lumbar curve.

A secondary curve;

balances the weight of

the trunk over the lower

limbs; it develops with

the ability to stand.

Sacral curve.

A primary curve;

accommodates

the abdomino-

pelvic organs.


• Spinal Curves

• There are 4 major curves of the vertebral column

• Cervical curve

• Thoracic curve

• Lumbar curve

• Sacral curve

• These curves, along with muscle attachment to

the various vertebral processes, help to maintain

balance


Figure 6.19ab The Vertebral Column





b Normal vertebral

column, lateral view

Cervical

Thoracic

Regions are defined

by anatomical

characteristics of

individual vertebrae.

VERTEBRAL REGIONS

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

a

Primary curves

develop before birth,

and secondary curves

after birth.

SPINAL CURVES

Cervical curve.

A secondary curve;

develops as the infant

learns to balance the

Weight of the head on

the vertebrae of the neck.

Thoracic curve.

A primary curve;

accommodates

the thoracic

organs.

Lumbar curve.

A secondary curve;

balances the weight of

the trunk over the lower

limbs; it develops with

the ability to stand.

Sacral curve.

A primary curve;

accommodates

the abdomino-

pelvic organs.


• Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

• Scoliosis

• Abnormal lateral curvature

• Kyphosis

• Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic

region

• Lordosis

• Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar

region


Clinical Note 6.1 Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis


Kyphosis Scoliosis


• Spinal Curves

• The developing infant lacks balance

• They lack the proper curvature

• They lack muscle coordination


Figure 6.19d The Vertebral Column


d The development of spinal curves

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

2 fetal

months 6 fetal

months

Newborn 4-year-old 13-year-old Adult


• Vertebral Anatomy

• The vertebral body

• Supports weight along the axis of the body

• An anterior structure

• A vertebral body is separated from another

vertebral body by a pad of cartilage called the

intervertebral disc


Figure 6.20de Vertebral Anatomy


d

Superior articular facets

Superior articular process

Lamina of vertebral arch

Spinous process

Intervertebral disc

Transverse process

Vertebral body

Inferior articular process

A posterior view of three

articulated vertebrae

Intervertebral

foramen

Intervertebral

disc

Inferior articular

facet

Vertebral body

Arrow passing through vertebral canal

A lateral and sectional view of

three articulated vertebrae

e



• The vertebral arch

• Forms the vertebral foramen

• Made of pedicle and lamina

• Spinous process projects posteriorly

• Transverse processes project laterally

• Spina bifida

• Malformation of the structures making up the

vertebral arch


Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae


T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

a

Spinous process of vertebra prominens

Intervertebral foramen

Lateral view of the

thoracic region of the

vertebral column. The

vertebra prominens

(C7) resembles T1, but

it lacks facets for rib

articulation. Vertebra

T12 resembles the first

lumbar vertebra (L1),

but it has a facet for

rib articulation.

C7

T1

Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae


c

Spinous process

Lamina

Transverse costal facet

Transverse process

Superior articular facet


Pedicle

Inferior costal facet

Vertebral foramen

Superior costal facet

Transverse costal facet for tubercle

of rib

Vertebral body Superior

costal facet

A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view.

Clinical Note 6.2 Spina Bifida


Spina bifida



• The articular processes

• Superior articular surface

• Inferior articular process

• Vertebral articulation

• Vertebral bodies are separated by intervertebral

discs

• This results in creating a space called the

intervertebral foramen


Figure 6.20e Vertebral Anatomy


Superior articular facets

Lamina of vertebral arch

Spinous process

Transverse process

Intervertebral

foramen

Intervertebral

disc

Inferior articular

facet

Vertebral body

Arrow passing through vertebral canal

A lateral and sectional view of

three articulated vertebrae

e


• Vertebral Regions

• Numbering system of vertebrae

• Cervical region

• C1, C2, C3, etc.

• Thoracic region

• T1, T2, T3, etc.

• Lumbar region

• L1, L2, L3, etc.


Figure 6.19a The Vertebral Column


Cervical

Thoracic

VERTEBRAL REGIONS

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal




SPINAL CURVES


• Cervical Vertebrae

• There are 7

• Support the weight of the head

• Spinous processes are bifid except for C7

• All have transverse foramen

• Two cervical vertebrae have specific names

• C1 is the atlas

• C2 is the axis


Figure 6.22abcd Atlas and Axis


Posterior tubercle

a b

Posterior arch

Facet for dens

Transverse process

Transverse foramen

Costal process

Anterior arch

Anterior tubercle

Vertebral foramen



Vertebral foramen

Inferior articular facet

Atlas, superior view Atlas, inferior view

c d

Vertebral foramen

Vertebral foramen

Vertebral body Vertebral

body

Spinous process

Lamina

Transverse foramen

Transverse process

Pedicle


Dens

Axis, superior view Axis, inferior view





• The Atlas (C1)

• Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

• Does not have a body

• Has the largest vertebral foramen of all vertebrae

• Allows the head to nod in a “yes” manner

• The Axis (C2)

• Has a dens

• The transverse ligament binds the dens to the

atlas

• Allows the head to move in a “no” manner


Figure 6.22ef Atlas and Axis


e

f

Articular facet for dens of axis

Dens

Transverse ligament

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

The articulated atlas and axis,

in superior and posterior view

The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the

transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis

in position at the articular facet of the atlas


• Thoracic Vertebrae

• There are 12

• All have rib articulation points

• They support the ribs

• Most spinous processes point inferiorly


Figure 6.23a Thoracic Vertebrae


T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

a

Spinous process of vertebra prominens

Intervertebral foramen

Lateral view of the

thoracic region of the

vertebral column. The

vertebra prominens

(C7) resembles T1, but

it lacks facets for rib

articulation. Vertebra

T12 resembles the first

lumbar vertebra (L1),

but it has a facet for

rib articulation.

C7

T1

Figure 6.23c Thoracic Vertebrae


c

Spinous process

Lamina

Transverse costal facet

Transverse process



Pedicle

Inferior costal facet

Vertebral foramen

Superior costal facet

Transverse costal facet for tubercle

of rib

Vertebral body Superior

costal facet

A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view.


• Lumbar Vertebrae

• There are 5

• Support the weight of the torso

• Vertebral bodies are quite large

• Spinous process points posteriorly


Figure 6.24a Lumbar Vertebrae


Pedicle

a


Transverse process

Spinous

process

Vertebral

body



A representative lumbar

vertebra, lateral view

Vertebral

body Spinous

process


• The Sacrum

• There is one sacrum but consists of five fused

vertebrae

• Structures of the sacrum

• Sacral hiatus

• Median sacral crest

• Entrance to sacral canal

• Sacral foramina


Figure 6.25 The Sacrum and Coccyx


Articular process

b a c

Entrance to sacral canal

Sacral hiatus

Sacral tuberosity

Lateral sacral crest

Median sacral crest

Sacral cornu

Coccygeal cornu

Sacral promontory

Auricular surface

Sacral curve

Sacral foramina

Coccyx

Base

Ala Ala

Pelvic surface

Transverse lines

Apex

Posterior view Lateral view Anterior view


• The Coccyx

• Consists of three to five fused vertebrae

• Adult male coccyx points anteriorly

• Adult female coccyx points inferiorly

• Coccyx consists of the coccygeal cornu


The Thoracic Cage

• The thoracic cage has two functions

• It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other

structures within the cavity

• It serves as the attachment site for muscles

involved in:

• Respiration

• Positioning the vertebral column

• Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb


The Thoracic Cage

• The Ribs

• Two types of rib classification

• Ribs (one type of classification)

• True ribs: 1–7

• False ribs: 8–12

• Ribs (another type of classification)

• Vertebrosternal ribs: 1–7

• Vertebrochondral ribs: 8–10

• Vertebral ribs (floating ribs): 11–12 (no anterior

cartilage)


Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage


a

Jugular notch

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

T11

T12

T1

Clavicular articulation

Sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid

process

Costal cartilages

Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)

Vertebrochondral ribs

(ribs 8–10)

True ribs

(ribs 1–7)

False ribs

(ribs 8–12)

Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum

The Thoracic Cage

• The Ribs

• 12 pairs of ribs

• Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebra

• Structures of a rib

• Head

• Neck

• Tubercle

• Angle

• Costal groove

• Body


Figure 6.26d The Thoracic Cage


d A posterior and medial view showing

major anatomical landmarks on an

isolated left rib (rib 10)

Attachment to

costal cartilage

(sternal end)

Body

Articular

facets

Head

Neck Tubercle

Angle

Costal

groove

The Thoracic Cage

• The Sternum

• Consists of

• Manubrium

• Body

• Xiphoid

• Jugular notch


Figure 6.26a The Thoracic Cage


a

Jugular notch

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

T11

T12

T1

Clavicular articulation

Sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid

process

Costal cartilages

Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)

Vertebrochondral ribs

(ribs 8–10)

True ribs

(ribs 1–7)

False ribs

(ribs 8–12)

Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum

Chapter 6 - Napa Valley College Pages - Napa Valley ... 218...Introduction •Basic Features...

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