C HAPTER 3: A NIMAL S TRUCTURE AND F UNCTION. A IM : H OW ARE ANIMALS CLASSIFIED INTO GROUPS ?
CHAPTER 6 GROUPS AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS. Groups are classified by how they develop and function....
-
Upload
eunice-douglas -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
3
Transcript of CHAPTER 6 GROUPS AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS. Groups are classified by how they develop and function....
SOCIOLOGY AND YOU
CHAPTER 6GROUPS AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
Groups are classified by how they develop and function. Primary groups meet emotional and support needs, while secondary groups are task focused.
Main Idea
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Primary group
Secondary group
Group: at least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving • In regular contact with one another• Take one another’s behavior into account• Tend to draw lines around themselves, creating insiders and outsiders. These lines are known as boundaries.
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
• Social Category: people who share a social characteristic• Examples: women, fathers, students, artists
• Social Aggregate: People temporarily in the same place at the same time• Examples: students in the lunch line, people
at a concert, contestants in a talent competition
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Primary Group: People who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company• Characterized by primary relationships(interactions that are intimate, personal, and fulfilling)• Conditions that favor development of primary groups/relationships• Small size• Face-to-face contact• Continuous contact• Proper social environment
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Primary Group (continued)• Functions of
primary group1.Emotional
support2.Socialization 3.Encourages
conformity
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Secondary Group: People who only share a part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task
Secondary relationships: impersonal interactions involving only limited parts of our personalities-Secondary groups are about accomplishing a task NOT about establishing friendship but they can include some primary relationships.
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Choose one primary and one secondary group from your Social Map.
For each group: Describe the group and the boundaries of the group as you see them. Are the boundaries tight or loose? Are other allowed in? If so, how does one become a part of the group?
SEC 1: PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities. In-groups and out-groups divide people into “we” and “they.” Social networks extend our contacts and let us form links to many other people.
Main IdeaSEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKSSEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKS
Reference Group: group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs and norms◦Examples: families, teachers, classmates,
political groups, sports teams, bands◦A person can consider a group to be a reference
group without being a member.◦Reference groups are not necessarily positive
(i.e. gangs).
SEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKS
In-group: exclusive group which demands intense loyalty
Norms compel members to exclude others.
Out-group: a group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition
People get divided into “we” and “they”
SEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKS
Group boundaries: allow the in-group to tell who is “in” and who is not “in” • In-groups and out-groups
can form in schools, athletics, neighborhoods, or even countries at war.
◦ This is often a symbol like clothes or slang or can be an action like a handshake. • New members may be
taught the boundaries in an initiation ceremony• Boundaries are maintained
by demanding intense loyalty from group members
SEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKS
In-Group/Out-Group Clarification In-group is NOT the same as “popular
group.” In group is the group that a person has an
affinity or closeness for (example: Mrs. Downs and The Ohio State Buckeyes)
Out-group is NOT the same as “unpopular group.”
Out-group is the group that a person has a disconnect with, often a negative bias (example: Mrs. Downs and Michigan Wolverines)
Social Networks: a web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups • It includes groups, but is not a group in and of
itself • Functions:• Provide a sense of purpose and belonging• Provide support in the form of advice or help• Useful for entering the job market
SEC 2: OTHER GROUPS & NETWORKS
YOU
MOM
DAD
MOM’S FRIEND & FUTURE BOSS
DAD’S FRIEND & FUTURE IN-LAW
BABY BRO
DAD’S FRIEND
DAD’S FRIEND’S FRIEND & YOUR FRIEND’S DAD
FRIEND
FRIEND’S MOM BRO’S BABYSITTER & YOUR FRIEND’S FRIEND
Main IdeaFive types of social interaction are basic to group life:
1.Cooperation2. Conflict3. Social exchange4. Coercion5. Conformity.
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
Cooperation • Interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal• Most likely to occur when reaching the goals requires the best use of limited resources (like in emergency situations)• The goal, may or may not, even benefit those who are cooperating
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
Conflict • Interaction aimed at defeating an opponent• Usually considered disruptive, but it can also be socially beneficial• It may promote cooperation and unity within opposing groups• It may draw attention to social inequalities and cause a change in values, beliefs and norms
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
Social Exchange • A voluntary action is performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return• The exchange relationship is based on reciprocity
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
Coercion• Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular way•Central element of coercion is DOMINATION•Physical – imprisonment, torture•Social – ridicule, rejection, ostracize
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
Conformity• Behavior that matches group expectations• Most people do conform to group pressure (Asch, 1955) {Asch Experiment Video} – (see: handout)• Groupthink: self-deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs and created by group pressure to conform• Milgrim Experiment (see: handout)• ABC Primetime – Basic Instincts –Milgrim
Revisited (see: handout)• Stanford Prison Experiment (see: handout)
SEC 3: (5) Types of Social Interaction
A formal organization is a group created to achieve one or more long-term goals
A bureaucracy is a formal organization based on rationality and efficiency. Characteristics include:• Division of labor based on specialization• Hierarchy of power• System of rules and procedures• Written records and activities• Promotions are based on merit and
qualifications• Often seen as impersonal, but designed to
protect individuals from abuses
SEC 4: Formal Organizations
Primary relationships do form within formal organizations
Informal organization: group within formal organization in which relationships are guided by norms, rituals or sentiments that are not part of the formal organization
SEC 4: Formal Organizations
Iron Law of Oligarchy (Robert Michels, 1911)
•Power increasingly becomes more concentrated in the hands of fewer individuals within the organization
SEC 4: Formal Organizations