CHAPTER

© Prentice Hall 2008Pearson Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger

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Policing: Purpose and Organization

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There are five basic elements of the policemission:

1. Enforce and support the laws of the society of which the police are a part

2. Investigate crimes and apprehend offenders3. Prevent crime4. Help ensure domestic peace and tranquility5. Provide the community with needed enforcement-related services

The Police Mission




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Police are the primary enforcers of federal, state, and local criminal laws.

Law enforcement is not the only responsibility of the police. Research shows only 10-20% of all calls to the police involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response.

Enforcing the Law




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While some offenders are apprehended during the commission of a crime or immediately afterward, many are only caught as the result of extensive police work.

Apprehending Offenders




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Crime prevention is a proactive approach to crime that involves:

Recognizing and assessing risks Initiating action to eliminate or reduce risks Working to reduce the public’s fear of crime

Crime prevention relies partly on the ability ofpolice planners to predict crime.

CompStat CrimeStat

Preventing Crime




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In preserving the peace, police focus oncriminal and non-criminal behavior.

Many departments focus on quality-of-lifeoffenses as a crime-reduction and peace-keeping strategy. A similar approach is basedon the broken windows theory of policing.

Preserving the Peace




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People can easily contact the police when they are faced with problems. Police respond to emergency and non-emergency, non-law enforcement situations.

Some communities have developed non-emergency 3-1-1 numbers to supplement their 9-1-1 systems.

Providing Services




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American Policing Today: From the Federal to the Local Level




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American law enforcement is very complex.There are thousands of different agencies involvedin law enforcement, with not a lot of uniformityamong them.Three major legislative and judicial jurisdictionsexist:

1. Federal2. State3. Local

Supplementing these are thousands of privatesecurity companies.

American Law Enforcement




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Federal Agencies




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Federal law enforcement agencies aredistributed among 11 government services.

Additionally, many other government officersare involved in enforcement of laws throughinspection, regulation, and control activities.

Federal Agencies




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American Policing: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Department of AgricultureU.S. Forest ServiceDepartment of CommerceBureau of Export EnforcementNational Marine Fisheries AdministrationDepartment of DefenseAir Force Office of Special InvestigationsArmy Criminal Investigation DivisionDefense Criminal Investigative ServiceNaval Investigative ServiceDepartment of Homeland SecurityFederal Law Enforcement Training CenterFederal Protective ServiceTransportation Security AdministrationU.S. Coast GuardU.S. Customs and Boarder ProtectionU.S. Immigration and Customs EnforcementU.S. Secret Service

Department of the Interior (Con’t)

National Park Service

U.S. Park Police

Other Agencies with Enforcement Personnel:

AMTRAK Police

Bureau of Engraving and

Printing Police

Department of Energy

Environmental Protection Agency –

Criminal Investigations Division

Food and Drug Administration

Tennessee Valley Authority

U.S. Capitol Police

U.S. Mint

U.S. Supreme Court Police

Washington, D.C. Metropolitan

Police Department

Department of Justice

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

Bureau of Prisons

Drug Enforcement Administration

Federal Bureau of Investigation

U.S. Marshals Service

Department of Labor

Office of Labor Racketeering

Department of the State

Diplomatic Security Service

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation Division

Treasury Inspector General for Tax Enforcement

U.S. Postal Service

Postal Inspection Service

Department of the Interior

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Bureau of Land Management

Fish and Wildlife Service




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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The FBI may be the world’s most famous law enforcement agency.

It was developed in 1908 and called the Bureau of Investigation. It was designed originally to help the federal government investigate political and business corruption.




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The Mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

“The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.”




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Offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The FBI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices. The FBI also operates:

“Legal attaché” offices in other nations, to help coordinate international law enforcement efforts and information sharing The National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS) The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) A Criminal Justice Information Services Division A full-scale crime laboratory A National Academy Program




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The FBI and Counterterrorism

The focus of the FBI changed as a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks, centering now on counterterrorism efforts.

The FBI maintains: A Counterterrorism Division A national threat warning system Flying Squads The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)




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FBI Priorities1. Protecting the United States from terrorist attacks2. Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence

operations and espionage3. Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks

and high- technology crimes4. Combating public corruption at all levels5. Protecting civil rights 6. Combating transnational and national criminal

organizations and enterprises7. Combating major white-collar crime8. Combating violent crimes that have wide impact9. Supporting federal, state, local, and international

partners10. Upgrading technology to perform the FBI’s mission

successfully




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State-Level Law Enforcement




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State Agencies

Most state police agencies were created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

Agencies were established to meet specific needs. The Texas Rangers were the first.

Today, there is a lot of diversity among the different state police agencies.




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Models of State Police Agencies

Centralized• Combine criminal investigations duties and state highway patrol • Assist local departments• Operate identification bureaus• Maintain a criminal records repository• Patrol highways• Provide training for local officers

Decentralized• Separates state highway patrol from other duties• Other duties performed by adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies




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Local LawEnforcement




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Local Agencies

Local agencies include: Municipal departments Sheriffs departments Specialized groups, like campus police and transit police




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Municipal Police Departments

Municipal police departments are city- or town-based.

Any municipality can create its own police department; not every one does. Jurisdiction is within the municipality.

While some municipal police departments have huge budgets and employ thousands, most are small, hiring fewer than 10 full-time officers.

Many utilize part-time officers.




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Sheriffs Departments

Sheriffs departments are responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties.

Mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities Jurisdiction is throughout the entire county Operate county jails Serve court papers Maintain security in state courtrooms Most departments have fewer than 25 full-time

officers




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Police Administration




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Police Management

…the administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in the service of crime prevention, the apprehension of criminals, the recovery of stolen property, and the performance of a variety of regulatory and helping services.




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Police Organization and Structure

Law enforcement agencies are formally structured among divisions and lines of authority. Roles within policing generally fall into one of the following categories:

Line operations—field or supervisory activities directly related to daily police work. Staff operations—include support roles, such as administrators and trainers.




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Chain of Command

Police agencies are organized according to a quasi-military hierarchical chain of command.

Clarifies who reports to whom Establishes unity of command Span of control—the number of personnel or units supervised by a particular commander.




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Policing Epochs




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History of American Policing

There were four distinct eras of Americanpolicing, each distinguishable by thedominance of a particular approach topolice operations.

1. Political Era (1840s–1930) 2. Reform Era (1930–1970s)3. Community Policing Era (1970s–today)4. Homeland Security Era (2001–today)




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Police Epochs




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Police Styles

Nearly all municipal police agencies can becharacterized according to one of three policestyles, depending on how that agency sees itspurpose and chooses the methods to fulfill it.

1. Watchman style2. Legalistic style3. Service style

Some agencies are a mixture of two or morestyles.




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The Watchman Style

The watchman style of policing: Is typical of lower-class

communities Is concerned primarily with order

maintenance Sometimes uses informal police

intervention to keep the peace




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The Legalistic Style

The legalistic style of policing: Is committed to enforcing the strict

letter of the law Routinely avoids involvement into

social issues that do not involve breaking the law




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The Service Style

The service style of policing: Is concerned more with helping than

with strictly enforcing law Makes use of community resources Seeks citizen involvement in

identifying issues that may need police attention




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Police-Community Relations (PCR)

The PCR movement became popular in the1960s and 1970s.

Based on the idea that police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve

Recognized the need for the community and the police to work together

Increasse efforts to have greater police-citizen interaction




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Team Policing

Team policing is an extension of the PCRmovement. With team policing, officers are assignedsemi-permanently to particular neighborhoods.

Officers become more familiar with the people and the issues.

Crimes are often solved at the local level. Patrol officers are given considerable

authority to process complaints.




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Policing as Corporate Strategy

Some suggest that police departments operate like corporations, and that community policing is the newest strategy. Other strategies are strategic policing and problem-oriented policing.




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Community Policing

Community policing emphasizes the idea that police must partner with the community to help fulfill the community needs.

Police actively work with citizens and with social services to help solve problems.




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Community Policing

Community policing involves at least oneof four elements:

1. Community-based crime prevention2. Reorientation of patrol activities to

emphasize non-emergency services3. Increased police accountability to the

public4. A decentralization of command, including

greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making




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Critique of Community Policing

Some criticize community policing, citing problems such as:

Too abstract of a concept Hard-to-measure success Difficult to conceptualize and quantify “citizen success” Not readily accepted by all police officers or managers Difficulty coming to a consensus with regard to what’s considered a “community problem”




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Community Policing and Antiterrorism

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks changed the role of police departments, but the core mission has not changed.

Close community-police interaction and communication remains important.




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Community Policing and Intelligence

According to the Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security community policing can:

Raise community awareness of suspicious activities, behaviors, and events Organize meetings emphasizing prevention strategies and vigilance Inform the community on the means and processes for relaying information to the police Encourage crime prevention, proactive policing, and close-working relationships between the police and the public




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Scientific Police Management

The LEAA dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime.

The LEAA spent $8 billion. The LEAA was abolished in 1982, as the spending did not seem to impact the growing crime rate. The LEAA started a tradition of scientific police management—applying social science techniques to the study of police administrating in order to:

Increase effectiveness Reduce citizen complaints Enhance efficiency




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Exemplary Projects

The LEAA’s Exemplary Projects Program recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide victims with assistances.

Exemplary Projects served as examples to other police departments. Examples:

Street Crimes Unit (NYC) The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle) The Kansas City Experiment




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The Kansas City Experiment

The Kansas City Experiment tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens’ fear of crime. The experiment revealed that:

Crime rates were not impacted by preventive patrol. Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime. Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers.

Involves analyzing patrol techniques in light of scientific analysis




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Recent Studies

Recent studies include: Operation Ceasefire A national evaluation of Weed-and-Seed programs Kansas City Gun Experiment Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

Studies like these show the value of scientific evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. They help establish the use of evidence-based policing.




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Discretion and the Individual Officer

Even as police agencies adapt to threats posed by terrorism, individual officers still retain a considerable amount of discretion.

discretion = choice




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Factors Influencing Discretion

Several factors may influence the discretionary decisions of individual officers.

Background of officer Characteristics of the suspect Department policy Community interest Pressure from victims Disagreement with the law Available alternatives Personal practice of the officer

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