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Transcript of CHAPTER
1111CH
AP
TE
R
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, THE INTERNET,
AND YOU
1-2
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Lecture Objectives
Basic Computing ConceptsBasic Working of a Computer SystemIntroducing a ProblemAnalogy: Human & Computer
Defining Information Processing Cycle
Introducing Information Systems
Explain the five parts of an information system
1-3
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Introducing Computers
Computer could be considered as a problem solving machine.
Closely resembles with a human who is capable of solving a problem
1-4
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Introducing Computers (contd..)
What a Problem is?
A problem requires some unprocessed facts (data) converted into useful results (information)
For every problem, there exists a step-by-step method (algorithm) to do this conversion
1-5
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Muhammad
Ali Al-Hasan
80
70
Hashem 65
Husain 79
Data Values (Student Scores)
Averaging Technique
Problem AlgorithmAverage=73.5
Processed Result
Problem:
What will the average score in “math exam” in a class having 4 students, whose names & scores are as follows:
Muhammad,80 Ali Al-Hasan,70 Hashem,65 Hussain,79
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Humans: A well known Problem Solver
Muhammad
Ali Al-Hasan
80
70
Hashem 65
Husain 79
-------------------
-----------------
------
Average=73.5
Brain
Averaging Technique
1-7
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Computers: A more efficient Problem Solver
Muhammad
Ali Al-Hasan
80
70
Hashem 65
Husain 79
Average=73.5
Averaging Technique (Computer Software)
1-8
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Why to prefer Computers?
SpeedCapable of processing jobs in millionth of seconds
AccuracyCapable of performing the work with incomparable accuracy
Unlimited memory/ working capabilityDon’t have any limitation in working continuous hours (for long) or memorizing the contents
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Why we cannot avoid Humans?
IntelligenceHumans are not only obedient (as computers are) Capable of solving new situations (new algorithms) using their intelligence
Thinking new/ improved algorithmsComputers are dependant totally on humans for problem algorithms
Keen supervision for computer workingComputers are unable to detect and alarm for any erroneous algorithm step and keep on replicating any mistake when happen
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information Processing Cycle
Get initial Data required for problem solution
Get an algorithm for solving problem at hand
Process initial data by following the algorithm stepsDisplay
Result to the user
Generate Problem Result
Store Result permanently
1-11
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Introducing an Information System
A SYSTEM is a collection of many inter-related/ interacting objects working together toward a common goal.
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
What is an Information System?
An Information System is meant for transforming crude data (input) into some useful information (result).
Capable of implementing a complete Information Processing Cycle
Expected CapabilitiesReading Information Processing Information Generate Information (Results)
•Store Information•Secure Information
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information System Examples
A Payroll Information System for generating Employee Salary Bills
Reads information about employees, their salary rates and the work done (number of hours per day)Does calculation for generating the month salaryDisplays results and saves it for future reference
More Examples• Student information system • Hospital billing systems• Airline reservation systems
Is it possible to have an IS without computers?
Yes, but it will prove to be very inefficient , and less-accessible systems with improved security.
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Five Parts of an Information System
1. People
2. Procedures
3. Software
4. Hardware
5. Data
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1. People
The most important part.All information systems require people in order to be operational.
Two main classesSpecialists - develop and operate Information SystemsEnd Users - use the information produced by the Information Systems.
Contact is …Direct (by themselves)Indirect (through specialist users)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
..People
User uses Information Systems in…Business & EntertainmentEducation & Medicine
In a payroll information system example,Specialists are people like System Analysts, Programmers, System Operators who actively participate in system development/ run.End users include Company Employees, Managers, Clerks who are using the information generated by the system.
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2. ProceduresProcedures are the guidelines related with Information System operations/ usage/ development.
Procedures are meant for educating Information Systems related people (all classes) for their concerned activities.
Some examples could be
Usage Instructions for Students/ Faculty Members to make use of a University Registration System
Software Documentation Kit for Programmers to make modification in the relevant program.
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3. Hardware
Hardware includes all the physical devices and materials used in implementing an information processing cycle
Equipment that processes the data
Controlled by software
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…Hardware
The following could be considered:
Computers CalculatorsPaper Sheets/ Pens/ desksComputer Terminals/ Printers/ KeyboardMagnetic disk media/ CD ROM disks etc.Devices needed for communication (modems/ telephones/ network cables/ network cards etc.)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4. Software
Software means set of instructions Needed to convert data into information.Directs the computer to do the data to information conversion.Used in concerned computers in an IS environment.Examples:
Computer Programs (in a computer based IS)Formula/ computational details used in a company by the relevant staff (in a non-computer based IS environment)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
…Software
In computer based IS, two major kinds of software
System Software
Application Software
In a Payroll IS Environment, the program under use of payroll staff on their personal computers.
Student Registration Web Site used by faculty, students (end-users) to perform registration activities.
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
5. Data
Data could beUnprocessed – needs to be worked uponProcessed – processing result (also called information)
Storage media is needed to record data (papers, magnetic tapes/ disks, CDs etc.)
On electronic media, data is saved as files.
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
…Data
Four common file types are Document files – mainly alpha-numeric data
Worksheet files – mainly mathematical sheets
Database files – environment data in an structured/ organized way
Presentation files – mainly pictures/ effects.
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Connectivity, the Wireless Revolution, and the Internet
ConnectivitySharing of information
Wireless communication is becoming popular
Computer networksConnected communication system of computers
Largest network is the Internet
1-25
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
application software (9)
basic application (9)
chassis (12)
communication device (14)
compact disc (CD) (14)
computer competency (3)
computer network (16)
Computing Essentials CD (8)
connectivity (16)
Data (5)
database file (15)
desktop computer (11)
device driver (9)
digital versatile disk (DVD) (14)
digital video disc (DVD) (14)
document file (15)
1-26
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
end user (4)
floppy disk (14)
general-purpose (9) application
handheld computer (11)
hard disk (14)
hardware (5)
information (4)
information system (4)
information technology (IT) (5)
input device (12)
Internet (16)
keyboard (12)
laptop computer (11)
mainframe computer (11)
memory ( 12)
microcomputer (11)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
microprocessor (12)
midrange computer (11)
minicomputer (11)
modem (14)
monitor (12)
mouse (12)
network (16)
notebook computer (11)
operating system (9)
optical disk ( 14)
output device (12)
palm computer (11)
people (4)
personal digital assistant (PDA) (11)
presentation file (15)
primary storage (12)
printer (12)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
procedures (4)
program (4)
random access memory (RAM) (12)
secondary storage device (14)
service program (9)
software (4)
specialized application (10)
special-purpose application (10)
supercomputer (11)
SimNet Concepts (8)
system cabinet (12)
system software (9)
system unit (12)
tablet PC (11)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
temporary storage (12)
utility (9)
video display screen (12)
Web (16)
wireless revolution (16)
worksheet file (15)
World Wide Web (WWW) (16)
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
FAQs
What is an information system?
What is IT?
How does raw data become information?
What is an operating system?
What are specialized applications? Please give some examples.
Is the Internet the same as the World Wide Web?
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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Discussion Questions
How are you using information technology?
Explain the difference between system and application software.
Describe some of the uses for handheld computers.
Why is the wireless revolution so important?