Chapter 54: Community Ecology - My Biology...

A SPecieS Cr

P +-e,., -~i AtlC f 0 cc LIP i ed

AP Biology Reading Guide

~k

Chapter 54: Community Ecology Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Name

Period

Chapter 54: Community Ecology

Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved.

1. What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community Q Gorv.n^vn1f~ 1,s a 3rou~ of roPvta c (o,Se e,, 4) u'?ln ` e

4, do—otel:onS MiCQ

gate 1rC" 2. This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix! To

begin, distinguish between inteaspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of each.

Type of Competition

Explanation Example

Intraspecifc competition

cv M P eA ; 4 (' o /I to eA-- een men. hers r).F -c-c. f Z4 c r , es.

Two

for

Interspecific competition

Con, pe 4-; t-1 O ~o 1~e 4-,,t c c n ;t,-, c .. jo e rS of 414-e re,— -t-- s fe c i e s ,For j-y-e_

r-r s'oL, re-e.

1AJe_ed S VS.

3. What is G. F. Gause's competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. ~0 (G{ S -~L.L~" -~WO SP ec- i eS GO n•, ~ C.r i n~ P' n r -f ~,~~~

re Sources c"Cknno 4- ca e- k is+

4. Define ecological niche.

T(-e- SUM O~-' a s ecies" use r e .~:ov r-c e t d1 1 (,~ 1~ , v 1 "(I /l

LZ.n.~

5. Several species of Anolis lizards live in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discuss resource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.)

Sevc,, Species of Anol[S z"rdS (iVe in CfaSc

a-L~,-f-G~ r-oiovds_

6. What is the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche?

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. I

k'.

i n-

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 54: Community Ecology Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

7. Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by character displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or review the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.)

/

W In ,a, Gv oV(Gl ~~e .-fia.~~s~V t~n,rp (vc 5~®t~r~CS~

0 v'.~r 1ct ft { n4; r

In o W r~So v

8. Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of some predator-prey combinations as listed below?

Predator Prey Example

Animal Animal

Animal Plant A ~td55 Ljo~~~•r eaa+i nq c~etCt. IC'caa: S_

Fungus Animal ,/ A -4'(r• l e +tb''s ~© v f { u n ~ u ,y o ~ a ~. LI nA cat .

1

Bacteria Animal

Fungus Plant A

9. List three special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food. /I. CLCU4-e sCA ses

z. 0.daPfia-I'ianS W,_,2 G(4aws , +e_e-tom-. 1 f--_,gS j 5.f-, /19 pis a-.-,of F i .SO n

10. List three ways prey species elude predators. i1' to elf, q `/ 110 f Ol-t G(C F E ,_. S 2 5

2_ ~or-ptnofo9ical n,, 6( '~ zo defC'~ 5a

3, &% eG

11. Compare the two types of mimicry.

Type of Mimicry Description Example Batesian

J .~.Jf ,

Preafct ~or_ Ti..e- fa rVa of 9'.'Vc"JItM0+-[t-

-hc..-e

Mfillerian ,o(

c-uc-Cc-oo bee

J C+

d yellow

12. What is herbivoq? 7o r- e -FPS -ho o.. -+- /—

eAi-s or t

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. -2-

ve-

AP Biology Reading Guide

Chapter 54: Community Ecology Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

13. Did you list any special herbivore adaptations for predation in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here.

?

14. Describe and give an example of each of the following interactions:

Type of Interaction

Description Example

symbiosis r- e of ; s t i n t A -rw Q a► r Gt S ~` T r S

parasitism

4- rnrn

commensalism +C V-6 f r inlCr rt~~~n~~, ~lli f-ro9e"'°

J

f

mutualism e,,, e--F a A e 07 :̀:- -f-u-P— S e c-1 e S

b ✓ k ne~{t~e,r ¢ Le e.

15. Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may define this term more narrowly. j f

S

16. Your text uses +/- symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions.

Type of Interaction +/+, +/-, -/-, +/0

predation

commensalism

mutualism

parasitism

interspecific competition

herbivory _

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3


17. What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important? S Pec'kc~s r ~~l..nesa,oti rd~~- ~C < -

18. What does an ecologist summarize in a food web?

19. Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and tell the level for each organism.

6` 4-(A '~-' . *" j raSS Ind PP`s ..---> M euxe ~ k""J ix-

20. Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box.

Qo a j e ~-(\ a•r j

COn SUM e r-S

~E r ovr"cJ ~~n SUA'.'CCS

Se conc,!a r-j

Prr,( nV"a,r-j

con Su r, . ,rS

produtE-rS

21. According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level?

es S O (= P~ e~

`c~ r~S~e~ a~~ it~ f't.. C

22. What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be considered a dominant tree species?

s P e-c- i e s -~~ a.* A„re—

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4


23. How is a keystone species different from a dominant species? t:

,0 el ̀ Y`0 ? ~) ,lv' M C\

b~ n o,,,N e-r cect ,Vt t [~ ~~ L)O t ~y i c^'~ ;=1 CC c^ i' :7

, 24. Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem.

-rL' C i e"N C:, { 1, l;' ,

25. Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example.

You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls.

Concept 54.2 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition

26. What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community.

S4-a,~:~ '-L,,+ M od.2rA+e- I e✓ e&,~ Of Of' i S+v r 6 ow.- ce fa S4-~r

Orea,6P.r -((„awe do law a— t,;,gH (eve4S a-( d S Fur~v ce.

27. Ecological succession is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?

success ion oeGv r-S WL_. e -'u'-Z d iS`f ur-bc -ee

c:, • o re k wi f~~,ovf Sot (. Se~onc(a,r-✓ 5v CCeSSio/7 0 C_U .S i- l n q Cp ~~ nn V n ~ A S to e~~ c3 T e0( b So M e

U ~► ' S r v ,tee

Concept 54.3 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity

28. Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest?

SPecieS rich Css I'S

-(2_e OpAfor_

29. There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity.

61'~ .-

30. Explain what is demonstrated by a species-area curve. Ail o f_ ~ _r fa c--~-o rs b6 n9 e-I, ua-61 4-C.-Z. l A-r j ems- a 1~

t M. o t`e-

reC ce S 1 4- Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Equilli~oridnn nvMbe.~ n v M to er o ,s petes—•

0 A 'tl-- 5 t ca.,01

S M ca(

l~

tar9~ ,S(~d


31. Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island?

,4- ramie, ~.~k Z C k n ec,%) SlOec.c eS t M n~ ~a..~ q 6 IC

• "~ `- F n yC -C a-k- W k', c (n sped eS b SCO

ilc 32. What two physic features of the island affect immigration and extinction rates?

4- 5 ze _

33. Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates? (nerve- ~Oc~.~ ~ ,;- ;.• ~c-~~tto~

r-A 4 (' cc IDeL~tUSe Pa +e -`+i ,6L L Lo (o n i --r-e r S C I e rg 4-o r-eac k a ti•a ~C

34. Closer islands have I v c e,r- extinction rates and t-e~ immigration rates.

35. What is the island equilibrium model? f~ e s -tL--e- (44"J Ae. Sp e- c i e s

~Versi on a„ tS t..) V C."„ Se,+ 0F~~JSic~

36. Use this model to describe how an island's size and distance from the mainland affect the island's species richness.

;; P L' e. r e 5

37. Label this figure to show immigration, extinction, island size, and equilibrium. Then explain what each figure shows.



Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease

38. Let's pull a couple of ideas from this section: What is a pathogen?

Pk~9e~S acre d' Sease C6tn.+S1 10 A/l f roo r'a " f.S,~ S

viruses / virDIds or

39. What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples.

Z-o o n o 4- C P ~.aye~. S acre dQ~ l eat as f~C .ose rt. a o-y-- c fi rA.. F E r t` t? +o

40. What is a vector? List three examples. IS cU.. a q C",.+ u s C01 oV- of I :!P e r S f'

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.


Chapter 54: Community Ecology - My Biology...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 54: Community Ecology - My Biology...