Chapter 5 Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases

Chapter 5

Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases

01: The edema exhibited by this African child was brought on by nephrosis

associated with malaria (1975).

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 3894. Dr. Myron Schultz Content

Provider. Available at: http:// phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 1, 2010.

02: Ronald Ross, one of the discoverers of the malaria parasite.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 1441. Available at:

http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 1, 2010.

03: Female Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library.

ID# 1662. Jim Gathany Content Provider. Available at:

http://phil.cdc.gov/ phil/details.asp. Accessed March 1, 2010.

04: This is an illustration of the life cycle of the parasites of the genus

Plasmodium that are causal agents of malaria.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 3405. Alexander J. da Silva, PhD, and Melanie Moser

Content Providers. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 1, 2010.

05: A Stearman bi-plane spraying an insecticide during malaria control

operations in Savannah, GA. Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 2622. Available at:


06: In 1958, the National Malaria Eradication Program used an entirely new

approach, implementing DDT for spraying of mosquitoes.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 4684. Available at:


07: A U.S. soldier is demonstrating DDT hand spraying equipment while

applying the insecticide. Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 2620. Available at:


08: Malaria mortality rates per 100,000 in Africa, 2006

Mortality rates for countries above the regional average are shown in parentheses; large type

denotes the countries with the ten highest rates. Source: Data from World Health Organization,

World Health Statistics 2010, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2

09: Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis; hand of Central American adult.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 352. Dr. D.S. Martin Content Provider.

Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/ phil/details.asp. Accessed March 14, 2010.

10: This is a female Phlebotomus sp. sand fly, a vector of the parasite

responsible for leishmaniasis. Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 3811. W.H.O. Content Provider. Available at:

http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/ details.asp. Accessed March 14, 2010.

11: This is an illustration of the life cycle of Leishmania spp., the causal

agents of leishmaniasis.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 3400. Alexander J. da Silva, PhD, and Blaine Mathison

Content Providers. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 14, 2010.

12: Number* of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military

personnel, by self-reported onset of skin lesions—Afghanistan, Iraq, and

Kuwait, May 2002–August 2003. Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel—

Southwest/Central Asia, 2002-2003. MMWR. 2003;52:1009.

13: Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. This flea is

the primary vector of plague in most large plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and

South America. Both male and female fleas can transmit the infection.

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Plague: CDC Plague Home Page. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/index.htm. Accessed February 28, 2010.

14: World distribution of plague, 1998.

Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Plague: CDC Plague Home

Page. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/index.htm. Accessed February 28, 2010.

15: Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal bacteria that cause Lyme disease.

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases.

Lyme Disease. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/bburgdorferi_sm.htm. Accessed March 14, 2010.

16: (Top) From left to right: The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) adult

female, adult male, nymph, and larva.

Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease.

Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/ld_transmission.htm. Accessed March 14, 2010.

17: Number of reported cases of Lyme disease by county—United States, 2007.

Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Summary of

notifiable diseases—United States, 2007]. Published July 9, 2009 for MMWR 2007;56(No. 53):62.

18: Arbovirus transmission cycle

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-

Borne Infectious Diseases. Arboviral Encephalitides: Arboviral zoonosis transmission

cycle Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/schemat.pdf. Accessed Marc

19: 2009 West Nile virus activity in the United States (Reported to CDC as of

December 8, 2009). Map shows the distribution of avian, animal, or mosquito

infection occurring during 2009 with number of human cases if any, by state. Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases.

West Nile Virus: Statistics, Surveillance, and Control. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/mapsactivity/surv&c

20: Range and recognized site(s) of origin of a variety of emerging and re-

emerging infections. v-CJD = variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; E. coli =

Escherichia coli.

Source: Adapted and reprinted from AS Fauci. Infectious diseases: considerations for the 21st

century. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;32:677, with permission from the University of Chicago

Press, © 2001 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

21: This is a deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, a hantavirus carrier

that becomes a threat when it enters human habitation in rural and

suburban areas.

Source: Reprinted from CDC Public Health Image Library, ID# 1183. Photo credit: James Gathany. Available at:

http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp. Accessed March 18, 2010.

22: Distribution of the Peromyscus maniculatus and location of hantavirus

pulmonary syndrome cases, January 27, 1997 (map). Source: Adapted and reprinted from CDC Public Health Image Library,

ID# 90. NCID Content Provider. Available at:


23: This photograph showed three CDC health officials inspecting

specimens suspected of being connected with a hantavirus outbreak.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library, ID# 7271. Available at:


24: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases, by state of residence.

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious

Diseases, Special Pathogens Branch. All About Hantaviruses. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

(HPS) cases, by state. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dise

25: World distribution of dengue—2008.

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue and dengue

hemorrhagic fever, p. 4. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/Dengue&DHF%20Information%20for%20Health%20Care%2

0Practitioners_2009.pdf. Accessed March 21, 201

26: A female Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is the primary vector for the

spread of Dengue fever.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 7633. James Gathany

Content Provider. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 21, 2010.

27: Transmission Electron Micrograph of the Ebola Virus.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 1833. Dr. Frederick A. Murphy Content

Provider. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 21, 2010.

28: Electron micrograph of the Rift Valley Fever virus.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 1870. Dr. Fred Murphy

Content Provider. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed March 15, 2010.

29: Rift Valley fever distribution map.

Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special

Pathogens Branch. Rift Valley Fever Distribution Map. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/rvfmap.htm. Accessed March 4, 2010.

30: Timeline of course for a patient with presumptive abortive human

rabies—Texas, 2009.

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Presumptive abortive human rabies—Texas, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:187.

31: Map of terrestrial rabies in the United States during 2008

Source: Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rabies: Epidemiology.

Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/images/2008_surveillance_maps/2008_geographic_boundaries_res

ervoirs-lg.gif. Accessed March 21 2010.

32: Number of reported cases of rabies among wild and domestic animals,*

by year—United States and Puerto Rico, 1977–2007 (in thousands). Source: Adapted and reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable

diseases—United States, 2007. Published July 9, 2009 for MMWR 2007;56(No. 53):66.

33: Spores from the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis bacteria.

Source: Reprinted courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library. ID# 10122. Laura

Rose Content Provider. Available at: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp. Accessed

March 20, 2010

34: Sentinel birds used to monitor for mosquito-borne viruses.

35: Check for Aedes mosquito breeding in your home.

Source: Reprinted with permission from Singapore National Environment Agency. Available at:

http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/eed/landedpropetysmall.JPG. Accessed March 16, 2010.

T01: Examples of Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases

T02: Examples of Zoonotic Diseases (and Associated Animals)

Source: Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious

Diseases. Healthy Pets Healthy People. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/browse_by_animal.htm. Accessed March 1, 2010.

T03: Examples of Emerging Zoonoses and Factors Contributing to

Emergence

Source: Adapted and reprinted from Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious

Diseases, vol. 21, BB Chomel, New emerging zoonoses: A challenge and an opportunity

for the veterinary profession, p. 4, copyright 1998 with permission from Elsevier.

Chapter 5 Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases

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