Chapter 5: The Expanded Ledger: Revenue, Expense, and Drawings · Revenue, Expense, and Drawings...

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1 Chapter 5: The Expanded Ledger: Revenue, Expense, and Drawings 5.1 The Expanded Ledger and Income Statement Pages 132 143 What type of transactions affected capital?

Transcript of Chapter 5: The Expanded Ledger: Revenue, Expense, and Drawings · Revenue, Expense, and Drawings...

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Chapter 5: The Expanded Ledger:Revenue, Expense, and

Drawings

5.1   The Expanded Ledger and Income Statement  Pages 132 ­ 143

What type of transactions affected capital?

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The accounting system up to this point is inadequate since it does not provide all the information that the owner wants.

Three new capital accounts:

1.  Revenue  ­  an increase in equity resulting from the sale of goods or services in the usual course of business.

2.  Expense ­  a decrease in equity resulting from the costs of producing revenue.

3.  Drawings ­  a decrease in equity resulting from the withdrawal of funds by the owner.

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Two Ledgers Compared

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Two Trial Balances ComparedPage 135

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Reason for the additional accounts:

­ provides essential information about the progress of a business.

Income statement  ­   a financial report which shows the revenue of a business, subtracts the expenses, and reveals the profit made for a given period of time.­ It is the formal way of showing in detail whether a business is profitable or not.­  One capital account does not provide enough information about how the changes in OE occurred.

Preparing an Income StatementPage 136

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Net Income  ­  the difference between total revenue and total expense where the revenues are greater than the expenses.

Net Loss  ­ the difference between total revenue and total expenseswhere the revenues are less than the expenses.

People Who Use the Information from the Income StatementOwners and Managers ­  indicates whether or not the business is making a profit.

Bankers ­ helps to determine whether or not a loan should be given to a business.

Investors ­ aids in the decision as to whether or not inject assets into a business.

Income Tax Authorities ­  determines the amount of tax that needs to be remitted to the government.

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Chart of accounts ­ a list of ledger accounts and their numbers arranged in ledger order. 

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Equity Summary Page 140

5.2  Equity Transactions and Accounting Principles Pages 144 ­ 152

Revenue Transactions:

Transaction for service provided on account:

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Revenue Recognition Principle ­  revenue must be recorded in the accounts at the time the transaction is completed.

Expense Transactions:

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Drawings Transactions:

Transaction where owner buys something for personal use and has business paying for it:

Other Transactions affecting drawings:

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To Summarize

Four equity accounts:1.  Capital2.  Drawings3.  Revenue4.  Expense

Account Type  Increase   Decrease

Asset

 Liability

Capital

Drawings

Revenue 

Expense 

CLR DAE

Increase on CR side Increase on DR side

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Fiscal Period (financial period or accounting period)­ period of time over which earnings are measured.

­  Formally one year.

­  Other time periods are used by many businesses but an annual income statement still needs to be prepared for income tax purposes.

 

More accounting principles:

time period concept  ­  accounting will take place over specific time periods known as fiscal periods.

matching principle ­ each expense item related to revenue earned must be recorded in the same period as the revenue it helped to generate.

This requires two important steps for accountants:

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5.3  Equity Relationships and the Balance SheetPages 153 ­158

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­ Impractical to move all equity accounts to the balance sheet.  This would be extremely bulky especially for companies with many revenue and expense accounts.

­ Equity equations have been developed to make the equity section of the balance sheet more concise.

Equity Equations

   

OR

    

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Page 155

*Report Form of Balance Sheet*

Other Possible Situations in the Equity Section: