Chapter 5: The Data Link Layer - Duke Electrical and...

1

5 DataLink Layer 5-1

Chapter 5 The Data Link LayerOur goals

understand principles behind data link layer services

error detection correctionsharing a broadcast channel multiple accesslink layer addressingreliable data transfer flow control done

instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies


Link Layer

51 Introduction and services52 Error detection and correction 53Multiple access protocols54 Link-Layer Addressing55 Ethernet

56 Hubs and switches57 PPP58 Link Virtualization ATM and MPLS

2


Link Layer IntroductionSome terminology

hosts and routers are nodescommunication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links

wired linkswireless linksLANs

layer-2 packet is a frameencapsulates datagram

ldquolinkrdquo

data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to adjacent node over a link


Link layer contextDatagram transferred by different link protocols over different links

eg Ethernet on first link frame relay on intermediate links 80211 on last link

Each link protocol provides different services

eg may or may not provide rdt over link

transportation analogytrip from Princeton to Lausanne

limo Princeton to JFKplane JFK to Genevatrain Geneva to Lausanne

tourist = datagramtransport segment = communication linktransportation mode = link layer protocoltravel agent = routing algorithm

3


Link Layer ServicesFraming link access

encapsulate datagram into frame adding header trailerchannel access if shared mediumldquoMACrdquo addresses used in frame headers to identify source dest

bull different from IP addressReliable delivery between adjacent nodes

we learned how to do this already (chapter 3)seldom used on low bit error link (fiber some twisted pair)wireless links high error rates

bull Q why both link-level and end-end reliability


Link Layer Services (more)

Flow Controlpacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes

Error Detectionerrors caused by signal attenuation noise receiver detects presence of errors

bull signals sender for retransmission or drops frame

Error Correctionreceiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without resorting to retransmission

Half-duplex and full-duplexwith half duplex nodes at both ends of link can transmit but not at same time

4


Adaptors Communicating

link layer implemented in ldquoadaptorrdquo (aka NIC)

Ethernet card PCMCI card 80211 card

sending sideencapsulates datagram in a frameadds error checking bits rdt flow control etc

receiving sidelooks for errors rdt flow control etcextracts datagram passes to rcving node

adapter is semi-autonomouslink amp physical layers

sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol


Link Layer

51 Introduction and services52 Error detection and correction53Multiple access protocols54 Link-Layer Addressing55 Ethernet

56 Hubs and switches57 PPP58 Link Virtualization ATM

5


Error DetectionEDC= Error Detection and Correction bits (redundancy)D = Data protected by error checking may include header fields

bull Error detection not 100 reliablebull protocol may miss some errors but rarelybull larger EDC field yields better detection and correction


Parity CheckingSingle Bit ParityDetect single bit errors

Two Dimensional Bit ParityDetect and correct single bit errors

0 0

6


Internet checksum

Sendertreat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integerschecksum addition (1rsquos complement sum) of segment contentssender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field

Receivercompute checksum of received segmentcheck if computed checksum equals checksum field value

NO - error detectedYES - no error detected But maybe errors nonethelessMore later hellip

Goal detect ldquoerrorsrdquo (eg flipped bits) in transmitted segment (note used at transport layer only)


Checksumming Cyclic Redundancy Checkview data bits D as a binary numberchoose r+1 bit pattern (generator) Ggoal choose r CRC bits R such that

ltDRgt exactly divisible by G (modulo 2) receiver knows G divides ltDRgt by G If non-zero remainder error detectedcan detect all burst errors less than r+1 bits

widely used in practice

7


CRC ExampleWant

D2r XOR R = nGequivalently

D2r = nG XOR R equivalently

if we divide D2r by G want remainder R

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8


Multiple Access Links and ProtocolsTwo types of ldquolinksrdquo

point-to-pointPPP for dial-up accesspoint-to-point link between Ethernet switch and host

broadcast (shared wire or medium)traditional Ethernetupstream HFC80211 wireless LAN


Multiple Access protocolssingle shared broadcast channel two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes interference

collision if node receives two or more signals at the same timemultiple access protocol

distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel ie determine when node can transmitcommunication about channel sharing must use channel itself

no out-of-band channel for coordination

9


Ideal Mulitple Access Protocol

Broadcast channel of rate R bps1 When one node wants to transmit it can send at

rate R2 When M nodes want to transmit each can send at

average rate RM3 Fully decentralized

no special node to coordinate transmissionsno synchronization of clocks slots

4 Simple


MAC Protocols a taxonomyThree broad classes

Channel Partitioningdivide channel into smaller ldquopiecesrdquo (time slots frequency code)allocate piece to node for exclusive use

Random Accesschannel not divided allow collisionsldquorecoverrdquo from collisions

ldquoTaking turnsrdquoNodes take turns but nodes with more to send can take longer turns

10


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols TDMA

TDMA time division multiple accessaccess to channel in rounds each station gets fixed length slot (length = pkt trans time) in each round unused slots go idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkt slots 256 idle


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols FDMA

FDMA frequency division multiple accesschannel spectrum divided into frequency bandseach station assigned fixed frequency bandunused transmission time in frequency bands go idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkt frequency bands 256 idle

freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11


Random Access Protocols

When node has packet to sendtransmit at full channel data rate Rno a priori coordination among nodes

two or more transmitting nodes ldquocollisionrdquorandom access MAC protocol specifies

how to detect collisionshow to recover from collisions (eg via delayed retransmissions)

Examples of random access MAC protocolsslotted ALOHAALOHACSMA CSMACD CSMACA


Slotted ALOHA

Assumptionsall frames same sizetime is divided into equal size slots time to transmit 1 framenodes start to transmit frames only at beginning of slotsnodes are synchronizedif 2 or more nodes transmit in slot all nodes detect collision

Operationwhen node obtains fresh frame it transmits in next slotno collision node can send new frame in next slotif collision node retransmits frame in each subsequent slot with prob p until success

12


Slotted ALOHA

Prossingle active node can continuously transmit at full rate of channelhighly decentralized only slots in nodes need to be in syncsimple

Conscollisions wasting slotsidle slotsnodes may be able to detect collision in less than time to transmit packetclock synchronization


Slotted Aloha efficiency

Suppose N nodes with many frames to send each transmits in slot with probability pprob that node 1 has success in a slot= p(1-p)N-1

prob that any node has a success = Np(1-p)N-1

For max efficiency with N nodes find p that maximizes Np(1-p)N-1

For many nodes take limit of Np(1-p)N-1

as N goes to infinity gives 1e = 37

Efficiency is the long-run fraction of successful slots when there are many nodes each with many frames to send

At best channelused for useful transmissions 37of time

13


Pure (unslotted) ALOHAunslotted Aloha simpler no synchronizationwhen frame first arrives

transmit immediately collision probability increases

frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in [t0-1t0+1]


Pure Aloha efficiencyP(success by given node) = P(node transmits)

P(no other node transmits in [p0-1p0] P(no other node transmits in [p0-1p0]

= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)

hellip choosing optimum p and then letting n -gt infty

= 1(2e) = 18 Even worse

14


CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

CSMA listen before transmitIf channel sensed idle transmit entire frame

If channel sensed busy defer transmission

Human analogy donrsquot interrupt others


CSMA collisionscollisions can still occurpropagation delay means two nodes may not heareach otherrsquos transmission

collisionentire packet transmission time wasted

spatial layout of nodes

noterole of distance amp propagation delay in determining collision probability

15


CSMACD (Collision Detection)CSMACD carrier sensing deferral as in CSMA

collisions detected within short timecolliding transmissions aborted reducing channel wastage

collision detectioneasy in wired LANs measure signal strengths compare transmitted received signalsdifficult in wireless LANs receiver shut off while transmitting

human analogy the polite conversationalist


CSMACD collision detection

16


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocols

channel partitioning MAC protocolsshare channel efficiently and fairly at high loadinefficient at low load delay in channel access 1N bandwidth allocated even if only 1 active node

Random access MAC protocolsefficient at low load single node can fully utilize channelhigh load collision overhead

ldquotaking turnsrdquo protocolslook for best of both worlds


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocolsPolling

master node ldquoinvitesrdquo slave nodes to transmit in turnconcerns

polling overhead latencysingle point of failure (master)

Token passingcontrol token passed from one node to next sequentiallytoken messageconcerns

token overhead latencysingle point of failure (token)

17


Summary of MAC protocols

What do you do with a shared mediaChannel Partitioning by time frequency or code

bull Time Division Frequency DivisionRandom partitioning (dynamic)

bull ALOHA S-ALOHA CSMA CSMACDbull carrier sensing easy in some technologies (wire) hard

in others (wireless)bull CSMACD used in Ethernetbull CSMACA used in 80211

Taking Turnsbull polling from a central site token passing


LAN technologiesData link layer so far

services error detectioncorrection multiple access

Next LAN technologiesaddressingEthernethubs switchesPPP

18


Link Layer




MAC Addresses and ARP

32-bit IP address network-layer addressused to get datagram to destination IP subnet

MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet) address

used to get frame from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network)48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter ROM

19


LAN Addresses and ARPEach adapter on LAN has unique LAN address

Broadcast address =FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN(wired orwireless)


LAN Address (more)

MAC address allocation administered by IEEEmanufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness)Analogy

(a) MAC address like Social Security Number(b) IP address like postal address

MAC flat address portability can move LAN card from one LAN to another

IP hierarchical address NOT portabledepends on IP subnet to which node is attached

20


ARP Address Resolution Protocol

Each IP node (Host Router) on LAN has ARP tableARP Table IPMAC address mappings for some LAN nodes

lt IP address MAC address TTLgtTTL (Time To Live) time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min)

Question how to determineMAC address of Bknowing Brsquos IP address

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788


ARP protocol Same LAN (network)

A wants to send datagram to B and Brsquos MAC address not in Arsquos ARP tableA broadcasts ARP query packet containing Bs IP address

Dest MAC address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FFall machines on LAN receive ARP query

B receives ARP packet replies to A with its (Bs) MAC address

frame sent to Arsquos MAC address (unicast)

A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out)

soft state information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed

ARP is ldquoplug-and-playrdquonodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator

21


Routing to another LANwalkthrough send datagram from A to B via R

assume A knowrsquos B IP address

Two ARP tables in router R one for each IP network (LAN)

A

RB


A creates datagram with source A destination B A uses ARP to get Rrsquos MAC address for 111111111110A creates link-layer frame with Rs MAC address as dest frame contains A-to-B IP datagramArsquos adapter sends frame Rrsquos adapter receives frame R removes IP datagram from Ethernet frame sees its destined to BR uses ARP to get Brsquos MAC address R creates frame containing A-to-B IP datagram sends to B

A

RB

22


Link Layer




Ethernetldquodominantrdquo wired LAN technology

cheap $20 for 100Mbsfirst widely used LAN technologySimpler cheaper than token LANs and ATMKept up with speed race 10 Mbps ndash 10 Gbps

Metcalfersquos Ethernetsketch

23


Star topologyBus topology popular through mid 90sNow star topology prevailsConnection choices hub or switch (more later)

hub orswitch


Ethernet Frame StructureSending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other

network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame

Preamble7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011used to synchronize receiver sender clock rates

24


Ethernet Frame Structure (more)

Addresses 6 bytesif adapter receives frame with matching destination address or with broadcast address (eg ARP packet) it passes data in frame to net-layer protocolotherwise adapter discards frame

Type indicates the higher layer protocol (mostly IP but others may be supported such as Novell IPX and AppleTalk)CRC checked at receiver if error is detected the frame is simply dropped


Unreliable connectionless service

Connectionless No handshaking between sending and receiving adapter Unreliable receiving adapter doesnrsquot send acks or nacks to sending adapter

stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have gapsgaps will be filled if app is using TCPotherwise app will see the gaps

25


Ethernet uses CSMACD

No slotsadapter doesnrsquot transmit if it senses that some other adapter is transmitting that is carrier sensetransmitting adapter aborts when it senses that another adapter is transmitting that is collision detection

Before attempting a retransmission adapter waits a random time that is random access


Ethernet CSMACD algorithm1 Adaptor receives

datagram from net layer amp creates frame

2 If adapter senses channel idle it starts to transmit frame If it senses channel busy waits until channel idle and then transmits

3 If adapter transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission the adapter is done with frame

4 If adapter detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal

5 After aborting adapter enters exponential backoff after the mthcollision adapter chooses a K at random from 012hellip2m-1 Adapter waits K512 bit times and returns to Step 2

26


Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)Jam Signal make sure all

other transmitters are aware of collision 48 bits

Bit time 1 microsec for 10 Mbps Ethernet for K=1023 wait time is about 50 msec

Exponential BackoffGoal adapt retransmission attempts to estimated current load

heavy load random wait will be longer

first collision choose K from 01 delay is K 512 bit transmission timesafter second collision choose K from 0123hellipafter ten collisions choose K from 01234hellip1023

Seeinteract with Javaapplet on AWL Web sitehighly recommended


CSMACD efficiency

Tprop = max prop between 2 nodes in LANttrans = time to transmit max-size frame

Efficiency goes to 1 as tprop goes to 0Goes to 1 as ttrans goes to infinityMuch better than ALOHA but still decentralized simple and cheap

transprop tt 511efficiency

+=

27


10BaseT and 100BaseT10100 Mbps rate latter called ldquofast ethernetrdquoT stands for Twisted PairNodes connect to a hub ldquostar topologyrdquo 100 m max distance between nodes and hub

twisted pair

hub


HubsHubs are essentially physical-layer repeaters

bits coming from one link go out all other linksat the same rateno frame bufferingno CSMACD at hub adapters detect collisionsprovides net management functionality

twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding

Used in 10BaseTEach bit has a transitionAllows clocks in sending and receiving nodes to synchronize to each other

no need for a centralized global clock among nodesHey this is physical-layer stuff


Gbit Ethernet

uses standard Ethernet frame formatallows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast channelsin shared mode CSMACD is used short distances between nodes required for efficiencyuses hubs called here ldquoBuffered DistributorsrdquoFull-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links10 Gbps now

29


Link Layer


56 Interconnections Hubs and switches57 PPP58 Link Virtualization ATM


Interconnecting with hubsBackbone hub interconnects LAN segmentsExtends max distance between nodesBut individual segment collision domains become one large collision domainCanrsquot interconnect 10BaseT amp 100BaseT

hub hub hub

hub

30


SwitchLink layer device

stores and forwards Ethernet framesexamines frame header and selectivelyforwards frame based on MAC dest addresswhen frame is to be forwarded on segment uses CSMACD to access segment

transparenthosts are unaware of presence of switches

plug-and-play self-learningswitches do not need to be configured


Forwarding

bull How do determine onto which LAN segment to forward framebull Looks like a routing problem

hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning

A switch has a switch tableentry in switch table

(MAC Address Interface Time Stamp)stale entries in table dropped (TTL can be 60 min)

switch learns which hosts can be reached through which interfaces

when frame received switch ldquolearnsrdquo location of sender incoming LAN segmentrecords senderlocation pair in switch table


FilteringForwardingWhen switch receives a frame

index switch table using MAC dest addressif entry found for destination

thenif dest on segment from which frame arrived

then drop the frameelse forward the frame on interface indicated

else flood

forward on all but the interface on which the frame arrived

32


Switch exampleSuppose C sends frame to D

Switch receives frame from from Cnotes in bridge table that C is on interface 1because D is not in table switch forwards frame into interfaces 2 and 3

frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I

address interfaceABEG

1123

12 3


Switch exampleSuppose D replies back with frame to C

Switch receives frame from from Dnotes in bridge table that D is on interface 2because C is in table switch forwards frame only to interface 1

frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I

address interfaceABEGC

11231

33


Switch traffic isolationswitch installation breaks subnet into LAN segmentsswitch filters packets

same-LAN-segment frames not usually forwarded onto other LAN segmentssegments become separate collision domains

hub hub hub

switch

collision domain collision domain

collision domain


Switches dedicated accessSwitch with many interfacesHosts have direct connection to switchNo collisions full duplex

Switching A-to-Arsquo and B-to-Brsquosimultaneously no collisions

switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches

cut-through switching frame forwarded from input to output port without first collecting entire frame

slight reduction in latencycombinations of shareddedicated 101001000 Mbps interfaces


Institutional network

hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35


Switches vs Routersboth store-and-forward devices

routers network layer devices (examine network layer headers)switches are link layer devices

routers maintain routing tables implement routing algorithmsswitches maintain switch tables implement filtering learning algorithms


Summary comparison

hubs routers switches

traffic isolation

no yes yes

plug amp play yes no yes

optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer




Point to Point Data Link Controlone sender one receiver one link easier than broadcast link

no Media Access Controlno need for explicit MAC addressingeg dialup link ISDN line

popular point-to-point DLC protocolsPPP (point-to-point protocol)HDLC High level data link control (Data link used to be considered ldquohigh layerrdquo in protocol stack

37


PPP Design Requirements [RFC 1557]

packet framing encapsulation of network-layer datagram in data link frame

carry network layer data of any network layer protocol (not just IP) at same timeability to demultiplex upwards

bit transparency must carry any bit pattern in the data fielderror detection (no correction)connection liveness detect signal link failure to network layernetwork layer address negotiation endpoint can learnconfigure each otherrsquos network address


PPP non-requirements

no error correctionrecoveryno flow controlout of order delivery OK no need to support multipoint links (eg polling)

Error recovery flow control data re-ordering all relegated to higher layers

38


PPP Data Frame

Flag delimiter (framing)Address does nothing (only one option)Control does nothing in the future possible multiple control fieldsProtocol upper layer protocol to which frame delivered (eg PPP-LCP IP IPCP etc)


PPP Data Frame

info upper layer data being carriedcheck cyclic redundancy check for error detection

39


Byte Stuffingldquodata transparencyrdquo requirement data field must

be allowed to include flag pattern lt01111110gtQ is received lt01111110gt data or flag

Sender adds (ldquostuffsrdquo) extra lt 01111110gt byte after each lt 01111110gt data byteReceiver

two 01111110 bytes in a row discard first byte continue data receptionsingle 01111110 flag byte


Byte Stuffing

flag bytepatternin datato send

flag byte pattern plusstuffed byte in transmitted data

40


PPP Data Control ProtocolBefore exchanging network-

layer data data link peers mustconfigure PPP link (max frame length authentication)learnconfigure networklayer information

for IP carry IP Control Protocol (IPCP) msgs (protocol field 8021) to configurelearn IP address


Link Layer



41


Virtualization of networks

Virtualization of resources a powerful abstraction in systems engineeringcomputing examples virtual memory virtual devices

Virtual machines eg javaIBM VM os from 1960rsquos70rsquos

layering of abstractions donrsquot sweat the details of the lower layer only deal with lower layers abstractly


The Internet virtualizing networks

1974 multiple unconnected nets

ARPAnetdata-over-cable networkspacket satellite network (Aloha)packet radio network

hellip differing inaddressing conventionspacket formatserror recoveryrouting

ARPAnet satellite netA Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication V Cerf R Kahn IEEE Transactions on CommunicationsMay 1974 pp 637-648

42



ARPAnet satellite net

gateway

Internetwork layer (IP) addressing internetwork appears as a single uniform entity despite underlying local network heterogeneitynetwork of networks

Gateway ldquoembed internetwork packets in local packet format or extract themrdquoroute (at internetwork level) to next gateway


Cerf amp Kahnrsquos Internetwork Architecture

What is virtualizedtwo layers of addressing internetwork and local networknew layer (IP) makes everything homogeneous at internetwork layerunderlying local network technology

cablesatellite56K telephone modemtoday ATM MPLS

hellip ldquoinvisiblerdquo at internetwork layer Looks like a link layer technology to IP

43


ATM and MPLS

ATM MPLS separate networks in their own right

different service models addressing routing from Internet

viewed by Internet as logical link connecting IP routers

just like dialup link is really part of separate network (telephone network)

ATM MPSL of technical interest in their own right


Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network architectureGoal integrated end-end transport of carry voice video data

meeting timingQoS requirements of voice video (versus Internet best-effort model)ldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots in telephone worldpacket-switching (fixed length packets called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuits

44


ATM architecture

adaptation layer only at edge of ATM networkdata segmentationreassemblyroughly analagous to Internet transport layer

ATM layer ldquonetworkrdquo layercell switching routing

physical layer


ATM network or link layerVision end-to-end

transport ldquoATM from desktop to desktoprdquo

ATM is a network technology

Reality used to connect IP backbone routers

ldquoIP over ATMrdquoATM as switched link layer connecting IP routers

ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45


ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ldquoadaptsrdquo upper layers (IP or native ATM applications) to ATM layer belowAAL present only in end systems not in switchesAAL layer segment (headertrailer fields data) fragmented across multiple ATM cells

analogy TCP segment in many IP packets


ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) [more]

Different versions of AAL layers depending on ATM service classAAL1 for CBR (Constant Bit Rate) services eg circuit emulationAAL2 for VBR (Variable Bit Rate) services eg MPEG videoAAL5 for data (eg IP datagrams)

AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46


ATM LayerService transport cells across ATM network

analogous to IP network layervery different services than IP network layer

NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none

constantrateguaranteedrateguaranteed minimumnone

Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback

no (inferredvia loss)nocongestionnocongestionyes

no

Guarantees


ATM Layer Virtual CircuitsVC transport cells carried on VC from source to dest

call setup teardown for each call before data can floweach packet carries VC identifier (not destination ID)every switch on source-dest path maintain ldquostaterdquo for each passing connectionlinkswitch resources (bandwidth buffers) may be allocated to VC to get circuit-like perf

Permanent VCs (PVCs)long lasting connectionstypically ldquopermanentrdquo route between to IP routers

Switched VCs (SVC)dynamically set up on per-call basis

47


ATM VCsAdvantages of ATM VC approach

QoS performance guarantee for connection mapped to VC (bandwidth delay delay jitter)

Drawbacks of ATM VC approachInefficient support of datagram trafficone PVC between each sourcedest pair) does not scale (N2 connections needed) SVC introduces call setup latency processing overhead for short lived connections


ATM Layer ATM cell5-byte ATM cell header48-byte payload

Why small payload -gt short cell-creation delay for digitized voicehalfway between 32 and 64 (compromise)

Cell header

Cell format

48


ATM cell headerVCI virtual channel ID

will change from link to link thru netPT Payload type (eg RM cell versus data cell) CLP Cell Loss Priority bit

CLP = 1 implies low priority cell can be discarded if congestion

HEC Header Error Checksumcyclic redundancy check


ATM Physical Layer (more)

Two pieces (sublayers) of physical layerTransmission Convergence Sublayer (TCS) adapts ATM layer above to PMD sublayer belowPhysical Medium Dependent depends on physical medium being used

TCS FunctionsHeader checksum generation 8 bits CRC Cell delineationWith ldquounstructuredrdquo PMD sublayer transmission of idle cells when no data cells to send

49


ATM Physical Layer

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayerSONETSDH transmission frame structure (like a container carrying bits)

bit synchronization bandwidth partitions (TDM) several speeds OC3 = 15552 Mbps OC12 = 62208 Mbps OC48 = 245 Gbps OC192 = 96 Gbps

TIT3 transmission frame structure (old telephone hierarchy) 15 Mbps 45 Mbpsunstructured just cells (busyidle)


IP-Over-ATMClassic IP only

3 ldquonetworksrdquo (eg LAN segments)MAC (8023) and IP addresses

IP over ATMreplace ldquonetworkrdquo(eg LAN segment) with ATM networkATM addresses IP addresses

ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy


Datagram Journey in IP-over-ATM Network

at Source HostIP layer maps between IP ATM dest address (using ARP)passes datagram to AAL5AAL5 encapsulates data segments cells passes to ATM layer

ATM network moves cell along VC to destinationat Destination Host

AAL5 reassembles cells into original datagramif CRC OK datagram is passed to IP

51


IP-Over-ATM

IssuesIP datagrams into ATM AAL5 PDUsfrom IP addresses to ATM addresses

just like IP addresses to 8023 MAC addresses

ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs


Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)

initial goal speed up IP forwarding by using fixed length label (instead of IP address) to do forwarding

borrowing ideas from Virtual Circuit (VC) approachbut IP datagram still keeps IP address

PPP or Ethernet header

IP header remainder of link-layer frameMPLS header

label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52


MPLS capable routers

aka label-switched routerforwards packets to outgoing interface based only on label value (donrsquot inspect IP address)

MPLS forwarding table distinct from IP forwarding tables

signaling protocol needed to set up forwardingRSVP-TEforwarding possible along paths that IP alone would not allow (eg source-specific routing) use MPLS for traffic engineering

must co-exist with IP-only routers


R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6

in out outlabel label dest interface

6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1

MPLS forwarding tables

53


Chapter 5 Summaryprinciples behind data link layer services

error detection correctionsharing a broadcast channel multiple accesslink layer addressing


Ethernetswitched LANSPPPvirtualized networks as a link layer ATM MPLS

2


Link Layer IntroductionSome terminology

hosts and routers are nodescommunication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links

wired linkswireless linksLANs

layer-2 packet is a frameencapsulates datagram

ldquolinkrdquo

data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to adjacent node over a link


Link layer contextDatagram transferred by different link protocols over different links

eg Ethernet on first link frame relay on intermediate links 80211 on last link

Each link protocol provides different services

eg may or may not provide rdt over link

transportation analogytrip from Princeton to Lausanne

limo Princeton to JFKplane JFK to Genevatrain Geneva to Lausanne

tourist = datagramtransport segment = communication linktransportation mode = link layer protocoltravel agent = routing algorithm

3














4








sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol


Link Layer



5







0 0

6


Internet checksum









7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






3














4








sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol


Link Layer



5







0 0

6


Internet checksum









7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






4








sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol


Link Layer



5







0 0

6


Internet checksum









7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






5







0 0

6


Internet checksum









7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






6


Internet checksum









7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






7


CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Link Layer



8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






8










9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






9







4 Simple






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






10







freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time

11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






11








Slotted ALOHA



12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






12


Slotted ALOHA












13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






13








= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)



14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






14











15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






15








16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






16












17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






17












18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






18


Link Layer








19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






19




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)





20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






20






1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788










21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






21





A

RB



A

RB

22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






22


Link Layer







23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






23



hub orswitch





24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






24









25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






25












26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






26










CSMACD efficiency




+=

27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






27



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub

28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






28


Manchester encoding




Gbit Ethernet


29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






29


Link Layer





hub hub hub

hub

30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






30







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3

31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






31


Self learning










else flood


32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






32




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


1123

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

A

B CD

EF G H

I


11231

33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






33




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain




switch

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






34


More on Switches





hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server

35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






35






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no

cut through

yes no yes

36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






36


Link Layer







37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






37










38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






38


PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame


39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






39







Byte Stuffing



40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






40






Link Layer



41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






41












42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






42




gateway








43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






43


ATM and MPLS









44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






44


ATM architecture



physical layer







ATMnetwork

IPnetwork

45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






45








AAL PDU

ATM cell

User data

46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






46




NetworkArchitecture

Internet

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ServiceModel

best effort

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Bandwidth

none


Loss

no

yes

yes

no

no

Order

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Timing

no

yes

yes

no

no

Congestionfeedback


no

Guarantees






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






47








Cell header

Cell format

48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






48










49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






49


ATM Physical Layer








ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs

EthernetLANs

50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






50


IP-Over-ATM

AALATMphyphy

EthIP

ATMphy

ATMphy

apptransport

IPAALATMphy

apptransport

IPEthphy






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






51


IP-Over-ATM



ATMnetwork

EthernetLANs







label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5

52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






52








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1


53






53






Chapter 5: The Data Link Layer - Duke Electrical and...

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