CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/77482/5/phd...
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CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
Investigations entitled ‘‘Studies on Optimization of Bioremediation Parameters of
Sugarcane Waste into Useful Biofertilizers by Eisenia fetida’’ were carried out at the
School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, during the period
since 2010 to 2014. The salient features of the investigations are summarized and
concluded in this chapter.
The final process of sugarcane wastes decomposition during vermicomposting viz,
mineralization and humidification although are brought out by microorganisms, these are
accelerated when sugarcane wastes pass through the gut of earthworms probably due to the
presence of plenty intestinal micro flora and high enzymes activity in the worm’s gut
(Edwards and Lofty, 1975, Lee, 1985).
This thesis is broadly focused on the optimization of the bioremediation parameters for
vermicomposting of sugarcane wastes with the help of earthworm Eisenia fetida. The
thesis based on three major studies and the conclusive results of these studies are
following:
Firstly optimize the suitable conditions for the vermicomposting of sugarcane wastes; In
this study pressmud, bagasse and trash were processed in the ratio of 2:2:1 and prepared for
optimum vermiremediation by Eisenia fetida, than the conditions were optimized. The
results of this study indicated that optimized pH was 7; incubation temperature was 25°C;
moisture content of the feeding material was 80% and particle size of waste material was 1-
2 mm. These were the favorite conditions for Eisenia fetida growth and vermicomposting
of sugarcane waste materials.
Secondly optimize the favorite feeding sugarcane wastes to Eisenia fetida, suitable organic
growth promoter for pre-composting, physicochemical parameters and growth of Eisenia
fetida during vermicomposting of sugarcane wastes. The results of the study proves that in
the reactor R5 (bagasse + jeevamrutham) Total Kjeldhal’s Nitrogen (TKN), Total
Phosphorus (TP), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Humic
Acid (HA) and Fulvic Acid (FA) were increased up to 2.50%, 3.89%, 3.27%, 1.41%,
3.01%, 2.03%, 5.36% and 7.65% respectively and pH, Electric Conductivity (EC) (ds/m),
C/N ratio, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), cellulose, hemi celluloses, lignin and HA/FA ratio
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were reduced up to 7.21, 2.55 ds/m, 9.44, 23.6%, 23.9%, 11.9%, 7.5% and 0.7 respectively.
While Total Earthworm Count (TEWC), Total Earthworm Weight (TEWW), total no. of
cocoons and cocoons per worm were increased up to 345, 175g, 389 and 1.12
cocoons/worm respectively. The results obtained from the study also prove that sugarcane
wastes (especially bagasse and pressmud) precomposted with jeevamrutham in 2:1 ratio
may be used for fast bioconversion into a nutrients rich vermicompost. The vermicompost
obtained from these wastes can also be used as a bio-organic fertilizer for crops. It is
presumed that this will facilitate higher conversion rate and reduction in the number of
days for bioconversion.
Thirdly optimize the extracellular enzymes activities in the normal compost (R-1) and
vermicompost (R-2), microorganism’s population in the gut of E. fetida, normal compost
(R-1) and vermicompost (R-2).
The cellulase, β-glucosidase, laccase, dehydrogenase (DH-ase) and protease activities were
increased in normal compost (R-1) by 60th day and reached the peak values of 1053 µg
reducing sugar/g/hr., 617 µg p-NP/g/hr., 835 U/g/hr., 29 µmoles INTF/g/hr. and 30 µmoles
amino acids/g/hr. respectively while in vermicompost (R-2) by 30th day and reached the
peak values of 1283 µg reducing sugar/g/hr., 856 µg p-NP/g/hr., 1015 U/g/hr., 38 µmoles
INTF/g/hr. and 34 µmoles amino acids/g/hr. respectively. The urease and phosphatase
activities were increased in normal compost (R-1) by 60th day and reached the peak values
of 202 µg NH4+/g/hr. and 233 µmoles p-NP/g/hr. respectively while in vermicompost (R-2)
by 40th day and reached the peak values of 217 µg NH4+/g/hr. and 247 µmoles p-NP/g/hr.
respectively.
The bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs),
nitrogen fixing microorganisms (NFMs) and cellulose degrading microorganisms (CDMs)
population were increased in the gut of Eisenia fetida by 30th day and reached the peak
values of 123 × 106 /g , 32 × 104 /g, 93 × 102 /g, 66 × 104 /g, 33 × 104 /g and 113 × 105 /g cfu
g-1 samples respectively.
The bacteria and actinomycetes population were increased in the normal compost (R-1) by
60th day and reached the peak values of 98 x 107 and 94 x 103 cfu g-1 samples respectively
while in the vermicompost (R-2) by 30th day and reached the peak values of 129 x 107 and
97 x 103 cfu g-1 samples respectively. The fungi population were increased in the normal
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compost (R-1) by 50th day and reached the peak value of 30 x 105 cfu g-1 while in the
vermicompost (R-2) by 30th day and reached the peak value of 34 x 105 cfu g-1 sample.
The Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), Nitrogen fixing microorganisms
(NFMs) and Cellulose degrading microorganisms (CDMs) population were increased in the
normal compost (R-1) by 60th day and reached the peak values of 51 x 105, 33 x 105 and 83
x 106 cfu g-1 samples respectively while in the vermicompost (R-2) by 30th day and
reached the peak value of 71 x 105, 36 x 105 and 116 x 106 cfu g-1 samples respectively.
Abundant enzyme activities in vermicompost (R-2) than in normal compost (R-1) lead to
the decomposition process by the presence of earthworms and aerobic heterotrophic
microbial population. Microbial count was increased in the gut of worms and especially
during the middle stage of vermicomposting (30th day), in correlation with the introduced
enzyme activity the microbial numbers reached the maximum.
Optimized and produced vermicompost/biofertilizer was found to be better in terms of the
following aspects viz. high rate of bioconversion, production of high number of young ones
and cocoons in the medium and desired level of composition of nutrients was
comparatively better than the control (non worms work reactor). The sugarcane waste
material decompose rapidly and is transformed into vermicompost within a short time since
the intestines of earthworms harbor wide range of microorganisms, enzymes, hormones etc.
Eisenia fetida fragment the sugarcane wastes in the process of feeding and thereby increase
the surface area for further microbial colonization. The enhanced microbial activity
accelerated the decomposition process leading to humidification thus oxidizing unstable
organic matter to stable form. During the passage through the gut of earthworms the
surviving microorganisms are voided along with cast. So vermicompost not only provides
mineralogical nutrients to soil but also contributes to the biological fertility factor by
adding beneficial microbes to soil, so it’s a special type of biofertilizer.
Thus vermicomposting biotechnology can also be considered as a low cost technology
system for the processing or treatment of sugarcane wastes and utilization of E. fetida may
be an answer as an ecologically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable
technology for sugarcane wastes management.
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SECTION-7 PUBLICATIONS BASED ON STUDY
1) Nitin Prakash Pandit, Nabeel Ahmad and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari (2011).
Vermicomposting Biotechnology: An Eco-loving approach for recycling of Solid
Organic Wastes in to valuable Biofertilizers. Journal of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides,
2:113, doi:10.4172/2155-6202.1000113.
2) Nitin Prakash Pandit and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari (2012). Optimization of
Cellulase Enzyme Production from Sugarcane Pressmud using Oyster Mushroom -
Pleurotus sajor-caju by Solid State Fermentation. Journal of Bioremediation and
Biodegradation, 3:140 doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000140.
3) Nitin Prakash Pandit and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari (2012). Optimization of
vermicomposting technique for sugarcane waste management by using Eisenia fetida.
International Journal of Biosciences, 2(10), 143-155.
4) Nitin Prakash Pandit and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari (2013). Pretreatment of
sugarcane by-products with Jeevamrutham and Cow Dung for enhancing the
bioconversion efficiency of the earthworm Eisendia fetida (SAVIGNY) by developing
vermireactors. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal, (Accepted).
5) Nitin Prakash Pandit and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari (2014). Vermiremediation of
sugarcane by-products into nutrient rich vermicompost through enhancing the
bioconversion efficiency of Eisendia fetida by developing vermireactors. The journal of
Bioprocess Technology, Photon 99, 327-337.