Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
-
Upload
logan-horn -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
![Page 1: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Chapter 5
Socialization and Interaction
![Page 2: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
The Individual and the Self
• Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929; American)
• The Looking Glass Self• Our self-image reflects how others respond to
us.
• We only develop a self-concept by interacting with others.
![Page 3: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
The Individual and the Self• George Herbert Mead (1863-1931;
American)• The self is the ability that develops over time
to take oneself as an object through a process called taking the role of the other.
• Mead also distinguished between the I (the part of the self that is unconscious and creative) and the Me (the organized set of others’ attitudes assumed by the individual).
![Page 4: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
The Individual and the Self
• The Individual as Performer• Erving Goffman (1922-1982; American)• Dramaturgy: social life is a series of dramatic
performances.• Impression management: when people interact with
others they use a variety of techniques to control the image that they want to project.
• Front stage: the social performance is designed to define the situation for those observing it.
• Back stage: people express themselves in ways that are suppressed in the front.
![Page 5: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Socialization
• Socialization is the process of learning and accepting the ways of a group or society.
• It almost always involves a process of interaction as those with knowledge and experience teach those with a need to acquire that knowledge.
![Page 6: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Socialization
• Socialization starts in childhood (when children develop a self) and continues over the life span (as adults learn how to function within a changing society).
• Agents of socialization are those who do the socializing.
![Page 7: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: The Family• Parents are called primary agents of
socialization because children acquire their first knowledge of language, norms, and values from them.
• Parents also engage in anticipatory socialization with their children, teaching them what will be expected of them in the future.
![Page 8: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: Schools and Teachers
• As children mature, other people and organizations become socializing forces.
• After parents and family, schools and teachers are the most important agents of socialization.
![Page 9: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: Peers
• A good deal of socialization at school takes place informally through interaction with fellow schoolmates.
• As children mature they spend an increasing amount of time in the company of friends.
• Peer socialization is increasingly likely to conflict with what is being taught at home and in the schools.
![Page 10: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: Gender
• Gender socialization is the transmission of norms and values about what boys and girls can and should do.
• This process starts even before babies are born.
• Gender differences (and expectations of behavior) are reinforced by clothes and toys.
![Page 11: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: Mass Media and the New Media
• Until recently, much of the emphasis on the role of the media in socialization focused on television.
• As children mature, more of their socialization takes place via the computer, smartphones, video games, and other new emerging technologies.
![Page 12: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Childhood Socialization: Consumer Culture
• One needs to be socialized in order to consume.
• Socialization of this type takes place (mainly) in consumption sites (malls, shopping sites on the Internet).
• This type of socialization reinforces lessons about race, class, and gender.
![Page 13: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Adult Socialization: The Workplace• Increasing numbers of workers change
jobs and even careers with frequency.
• Resocialization is the process of unlearning old behaviors and norms (the old job or career) and learning new behaviors and norms (the new job or career).
![Page 14: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Adult Socialization: Total Institutions
• A total institution is a closed, all-encompassing place of residence that is set off from the rest of society.
• The primary purpose is resocialization.
• Examples are prisons and the military.
![Page 15: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Other Agents of Adult Socialization• Changes in social values and norms
• Family changes
• Geographic mobility
• Changes associated with aging
![Page 16: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Interaction
• Interaction is social engagement involving two or more individuals.
• Key building block for macroscopic social phenomena
• Superordinate-Subordinate• Examples include between teacher and
student in the classroom, judge and defendant in the courtroom, and guard and prisoner in jail.
![Page 17: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Interaction
• Reciprocity and Exchange• A rational process where those involved seek
to maximize rewards and minimize costs
• “Doing” Interaction• Interaction is something that people “do”;
something that they accomplish on a day-to-day basis.
![Page 18: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Interaction
• Interaction Order• A social domain that is organized and orderly, but
created informally and governed by those involved in the interaction.
• Status (a position in society someone occupies) and Role (what is expected of someone in that status)• Ascribed• Achieved• Master
![Page 19: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Micro-Level Social Structures• Interpersonal Relationships
• Dyads
• Triads
• Social Networks• Groups, organizations, societies, global networks
• Network analysis
![Page 20: Chapter 5 Socialization and Interaction Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042514/56649de55503460f94adda07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Micro-Level Social Structures
• Groups• A group is a relatively small number of people
who over time develop a patterned relationship.• Different types of groups include primary,
secondary, reference, in groups, and out groups.
• Conformity• While some conformity to the group is necessary
for a group to survive, too much conformity can have disastrous consequences.