Chapter 5 Slides - Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems. exam krackers. mcat review.
Transcript of Chapter 5 Slides - Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems. exam krackers. mcat review.
Cardiovascular System
Chapter 5
Blood Flow
Blood Flow
Ischemia
A local and temporary
deficiency of blood
supply to tissue.
Caused by constriction
or occlusion (blockage)
of a blood vessel.
Arrhythmia
Irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat;
dysrhythmia
Arrhythmia
Bradycardia Normal heart rhythm
Fibrillation
Abnormal quivering or contraction of the heart fibers.
Untreated ventricular fibrillation leads to cardiac arrest and then death.
Defibrillation equipment is used to convert the heart to a normal beat
Heart Failure
Condition in which the heart cannot pump
enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
Congestive Heart Failure
Pathological condition
in which there is a
reduced outflow of
blood from the left
side of the heart.
Results in lung
congestion, dyspnea
and fatigue. May
cause edema.
Heart Failure – the heart can’t pump enough
blood for the body’s needs
Congestive Heart Failure – reduced blood
outflow from left side of heart. (Leads to lung
congestion, dyspnea, fatigue, edema.)
Heart Failure vs. Congestive Heart Failure
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Condition in which the
leaflets of the mitral
valve prolapse into the
left atrium during
systole.
Results in incomplete
valve closure and
backflow of blood.
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening, hardening
and loss of elasticity
of arterial walls.
Results in altered
function of tissues and
organs.
Also called hardening
of the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
A type of arteriosclerosis.
Accumulation of plaque.
Arteriosclerosis– thickening, hardening, loss of
elasticity of artery walls.
Atherosclerosis– a type of arteriosclerosis.
Plaque buildup.
Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Abnormal condition affecting arteries which
supply blood to the heart.
Myocardial Infarction
Heart muscle
damage caused by
partial or complete
occlusion of one or
more of the
coronary arteries.
Heart attack
Myocardial infarction – occlusion of a
coronary artery. Heart attack.
Angina pectoris – pain in chest due to ischemia
Can be a symptom of a heart attack.
MI vs. Angina
Embolus
A mass of undissolved matter present in a blood or lymphatic vessel brought there by the blood or lymph current.
May be solid, liquid or gaseous.
Occlusion of vessels from emboli usually results in the development of infarcts.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Formation of a blood
clot in a deep vein of
the body.
Occurs most
frequently in the iliac
(groin) and femoral
(thigh) veins
Embolus – undissolved matter (solid, liquid,
gas) in the blood which eventually blocks blood
flow.
Thrombus – blood clot attached to interior wall
of a blood vessel
Embolus vs. Thrombus
Localized dilation of a vessel wall due to a
weakness.
Can cause the vessel
to balloon and rupture.
Aneurysm
Stroke
Damage to part of the brain due to interruption of its blood supply.
Also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack.
Stroke
Caused by several different mechanisms:
Hemorrhage into the brain (17%);
Formation of an embolus or thrombus occluding an artery (83%).
Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary
interference with
blood supply to the
brain, causing no
apparent permanent
brain damage.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – Temporary
interference with blood supply to the brain. No
permanent damage.
Stroke – Interference with blood supply to the
brain that causes long-term damage.
TIA vs. Stroke
Hypertension
Consistently elevated
blood pressure that is
higher than normal.
Hypertension
Hypertension causes
damage to the blood
vessels, kidneys, and
ultimately the heart.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth.
This results in an abnormal opening between the
pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Murmur
Abnormal sound heard on auscultation. Caused by abnormal valves.
Raynaud Disease
Vascular disorder in
which the fingers and
toes become cold,
numb and painful.
This occurs as a result
of temporary blood
vessel constriction in
the skin.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Damage to the heart
muscle and valves
resulting from a
Streptococcal
infection.
Example: Scarlet
Fever
Varicose Veins
Varicose Veins
Swollen, distended
veins caused by
incompetent venous
valves.
Most often seen in the
lower legs.
Varicose Veins
This example: Spider
Veins
Diagnostic Methods
Bruit
Soft blowing sound
heard on auscultation
caused by turbulent
blood flow.
Cardiac Enzyme Studies
Battery of blood tests performed to evaluate
cardiac damage.
Example: assay for troponin I.
Blood test that measures a protein that is
released into blood by damaged heart muscle.
This is a sensitive, specific indicator of recent
myocardial infarction.
Echocardiography
Ultrasound test used to visualize the heart.
Holter Monitor
Monitoring device
worn by patient.
Usually, a 24-hour
electrocardiogram is
recorded.
Stress Test
Method used to evaluate CV fitness by
monitoring ECG while patient is exercising
on a treadmill.
Treatment
Statins
Drugs that reduce low-density lipoproteins.
Thrombolytic Therapy
– Drug therapy used to dissolve blood clots
Cardiac Catheterization
A catheter is threaded through a large blood
vessel until it reaches into the heart.
Angioplasty
Any endovascular procedure that reopens
narrowed blood vessels and restores
forward blood flow.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
(CABG)
Surgery that bypasses blocked coronary
arteries using grafted vessels taken from
other parts of the body.
Valvuloplasty
Restorative surgery on a valve, especially
cardiac valves.
Holter monitor – external “walking” EKG
machine
Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) –
Paddles, “clear”, zap.
Automatic Implantable Cardioverter
Defibrillator (AICD) – implanted electric source
with wires into heart. Senses rhythm and zaps if
fibrillation is sensed.
Pacemaker – implanted electric source with wires
into heart. Provides low-level stimulation to
maintain normal heart rhythm.
Equipment Summary
Unit 5
Lymphatic System
Formation of Lymphatic Fluid
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation and
enlargement of the
lymph nodes usually
as a result of infection.
Mononucleosis
Acute infection caused
by the Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV).
Characterized by a
sore throat, fever,
fatigue, and enlarged
lymph nodes.
Hodgkin Disease
Disease causing
malignant solid tumors
that may originate in
lymphoid tissue.
Other organs and areas
will be invaded if the
disease is left
untreated.
Lymphosarcoma
Malignant disorder of
lymphatic tissue that is
not related to Hodgkin
disease.
Also called non-
Hodgkin lymphoma.
Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome Caused by human
immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).
Immune cells become
ineffective, increasing
susceptibility to
infections, malignancies,
and neurological diseases.
HIV is transmitted
sexually or through
contaminated blood.
Kaposi Sarcoma
Connective tissue malignancy associated
with HIV infections.
Diagnostic Methods
Lymphangiography
Radiographic examination of the lymphatic
system using an injected contrast medium.
Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy
Removal of bone marrow tissue so that it can
be evaluated microscopically.
Tissue Typing
Technique used to determine
histocompatibility (compatibility of tissues)
for transplants.