Chapter 5 Sections 1-4. Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on Earth’s...

Chapter 5Sections 1-4

Factors influencing the Earth’s climates

Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes

Characteristics of major biome types

Human impacts on the biosphere

Benefits of wind

Hazards of wind

“Red tides”

Volcanoes and climate

Everything is connected

Fig. 5-1, p. 78

Fig. 5-1, p. 78

Differences between weather and climate

Major factors determining climate

◦ Uneven heating of Earth’s surface

◦ Earth’s rotation

◦ Properties of air, water, and land

Fig. 5-2, p. 80

60ºN

30ºN

0º

30ºs

60ºS

Cold deserts

Westerlies Forests

Hot desertsNortheast trades

ForestsEquator

Hot deserts

Forests

Southeast trades

Westerlies

Cold deserts

Fig. 5-3, p. 80 Fig. 5-3, p. 80

Fig. 5-4, p. 81Cell 3 South

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 South

Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 North

Cold,dry air falls

Polar capArctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

EquatorTropical rain forest


DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland

Cold,dry air falls

Ocean currents and wind Currents: warm and cold ocean currents, currents redistribute absorbed solar heat from one place to another,

influence vegetation and climate near coastal regions. Wind: moving away from coastal regions result in upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich bottom waters as surface

water moves offshore. These nutrients support large populations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish and sea birds

Gases in the atmosphere◦ Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect◦ Water vapor, CO2, CH4, & Nitrous Dioxide◦ Greenhouse effect: allows mostly visible light, some infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiatin to pass

through the troposphere causing natural warming

Topography and local climate Rainshadow effect: an air mass moves inland from an ocean, reaches a mountain range, and as the air is forced

to rise, it cools and loses moisture on the windward side. The leeward side of the mountain will be drier due to the loss of moisture on the windward side.

Microclimates in urban areas Bricks, asphalt and other building materials create distinct microclimates in cities that are warmer, have more

have and smog and lower wind speeds than the contryside around them.

Fig. 5-5, p. 82

(a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere andwarm the earth's surface.

(b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into spaceas heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere.

(c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere.

Fig. 5-6, p. 82

Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.

On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.

On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases littlemoisture.

Dry habitats

Moist habitats

Windward sideWindward sideLeeward side

Fig. 5-7, p. 83Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conifforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna, thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest


Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

Fig. 5-8, p. 84

Polar

Subpolar

TropicalChaparral

Grassland

Desert

Desert

Scrubland

SavannaDry

Cold

Tundra

Coniferous forest

Decreasing

Temperate

precipitation

Dec

reas

ing

Deciduousforest

Tropicalseasonal

forest

Wet

Ho

t

Rain forest

tem

pera

ture

MountainIce and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

ConiferousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

ConiferousForest

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

Polar iceand snow

Latitude

Fig. 5-9, p. 85

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sB5yZFNi-Jc&feature=related

Deserts: have little precipitation and vegetation. Deserts: have little precipitation and vegetation. They are found in tropical, temperate, and polar They are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions. Approx 30% of the Earth’s surface is regions. Approx 30% of the Earth’s surface is desert.desert.

Tropical:Tropical: hot, dry most of the year with few hot, dry most of the year with few plants, rocks and sand.plants, rocks and sand.

TemperateTemperate: high day temperatures in summer, : high day temperatures in summer, low temperatures in winter with more rain than low temperatures in winter with more rain than in tropical deserts. Plants are widely spaced, in tropical deserts. Plants are widely spaced, mostly drought-resistant shrubs, cacti/succulentsmostly drought-resistant shrubs, cacti/succulents

Cold/Polar:Cold/Polar: cold winters, warm summers with low cold winters, warm summers with low rainfallrainfall

Fig. 5-10a, p. 86

Producer to primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondary

consumer

Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer

All producers andconsumers todecomposers

Fungi

Gambel'squail

Red-tailed hawk

Collaredlizard

Jackrabbit

Yucca

Kangaroo rat

Agave

RoadrunnerRoadrunner

Diamondbackrattlesnake

Darklingbeetle

Bacteria

Pricklypearcactus

Fig. 5-11, p. 87

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development

Soil sanitization from irrigation

Depletion of underground water supplies

Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction

Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes

Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires: have enough water to support grasses, but few if any, trees. They persist because of seasonal drought, grazing by large herbivores, occasional fires that keep shrubs and trees from growing.

Savanna: usually has warm temperatures year-round, two long dry seasons with much rain the rest of the year.◦ Large herds of grazing animals◦ Competition for plant materials minimized due to specialized eating habits◦ Many animals killed for coats, tusks, and ivory

Grazers and browsers: over grazing of a number of areas has led to sagebrush desert instead of grassland

Temperate grasslands: have cold winters, hot, dry summers, and deep, fertile soils

Prairies: N. America tall grass prairies and short grass prairies, used for raising cattle and crops

Tundra: polar grassland, treeless, cold plains, waterlogged during summer

Permafrost: is permanently frozen layer of soil when water freezes

Fig. 5-12, p. 88


Primaryto secondary

consumer



Fungi

Bacteria

Golden eagle

Prairiedog

Blue stemgrass

Coyote

Grasshopper

Grasshoppersparrow

Pronghorn antelope

Prairieconeflower

Fig. 5-13, p. 88

Fig. 5-14, p. 89

Fig. 5-15, p. 89

Natural Capital Degradation

Grasslands

Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland

Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland

Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock

Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

Forest Biomes Types of forests:

◦ Tropical rain forests: near the equator, have hot, humid conditions and almost daily rainfall

Broadleaf evergreen plants: dominate in rain forest, most animal life is found in the sunny canopy later of the forest

◦ Temperate deciduous forests: grow in areas with moderate average temperatures, abundant rainfall and long, warm summers

Broadleaf deciduous forests: leaves drop in fall, trees become dormant, and new leaves grow in spring

◦ Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas): located in areas just south of artic tundra around the northern sub-artic regions of the earth

Muskegs: soil type containing various dead plants in stages of decomposition, moss/peat AKA: bog

◦ Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests Oregon coast

Fig. 5-16, p. 90


Primaryto secondary

consumer


All producers andconsumers todecomposersFungi

Bacteria Bromeliad

Ants

Tree frog

Green tree snake

Katydid

Climbingmonstera palm

Squirrelmonkeys

Blue andgold

macaw

Harpyeagle

Ocelot

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

Fig. 5-18a, p. 92


Primaryto secondary

consumer



Bacteria

Fungi

Wood frog

Racer

Shagbark hickory

White-taileddeer

White-footedmouse

White oak

Graysquirrel

Hairywoodpecker

Broad-wingedhawk

Long-tailedweasel

May beetle

Mountainwinterberry

Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae

Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall and Winter

Fig. 5-18b-c, p. 92

Fig. 5-19b, p. 93

Evergreen Coniferous Forest in Alaska

Fig. 5-20, p. 94


Forests

Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting

Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development

Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia

Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations

Damage to soils from off-road vehicles

Human Impacts on Forests

Aquatic Environments: Types and Characteristics

Aquatic life zones: cover ~ 71% of the earth’s surface

◦ Saltwater

◦ Freshwater

Fig. 5-23a, p. 96

The Aquatic World

Coral Reef and Mangrove Forest

Fig. 5-23b-c, p. 96

Organisms in Aquatic Life Zones

Phytoplankton: plant plankton

Zooplankton: animal plankton

Nekton: fish, turtles and whales

Benthos: bottom dwellers: barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters and crabs

Decomposers: break down organic matter into simple nutrients for use by producers

Factors that Limit Life with Water Depth

Temperature

Sunlight (photosynthesis, euphotic zone)

Dissolved oxygen content

Availability of nutrients (net primary productivity)

Saltwater Life Zones

Open ocean

Coastal zone

Estuaries

Coastal wetlands

Mangrove swamps

Intertidal zones (rocky shores and barrier beaches)

Coral reefs

Natural Capital

EcologicalServices

Climate moderation

CO2 absorption

Nutrient cycling

Waste treatment and dilution

Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)

Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Scientific information

EconomicServices

Food

Animal and pet feed (fish meal)

Pharmaceuticals

Harbors and transportation routes

Coastal habitats for humans

Recreation

Employment

Offshore oil and natural gas

Minerals

Building materials

Marine Ecosystems

Fig. 5-25, p. 97

Marine Ecosystems

Fig. 5-32, p. 103

Ocean warming

Soil erosion

Algae growth from fertilizer runoff

Mangrove destruction

Coral reef bleaching

Rising sea levels

Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish

Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry

Damage from anchors, ships,and tourist divers


Coral Reefs

Major Threats to Coral Reefs

Fig. 5-33, p. 103

Marine Ecosystems

Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms

About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats

Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed


Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

Freshwater Life Zones

Standing water (lakes)

Flowing water (streams)

Fig. 5-34, p. 104

Freshwater Systems

EcologicalServices

EconomicServicesClimate moderation

Nutrient cycling

Waste treatment and dilution

Flood control

Groundwater recharge

Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Scientific information

Food

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Hydroelectricity

Transportationcorridors

Recreation

Employment

Natural Capital

Major Services of Freshwater Systems

Fig. 5-36, p. 106

Rain and snow

Water

Sediment

Lake Glacier RapidsWaterfall

TributaryFlood plain

Oxbow lake

Salt marsh

Delta Ocean

Depositedsediment

Source Zone

Transition Zone

Floodplain Zone

Stream Zones

Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems

Dams, diversions and canals

Flood control levees and dikes

Pollutants from cities and farmlands

Wetland destruction

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