CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS -...
Transcript of CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS -...
181
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The application of the proposed method on stretches of selected
streets in Chennai throws light on several issues. Most of these issues would
not have been identified if a typical quantitative technique had been adopted.
This chapter presents the results of the research. The findings
consist of three sections. The first section presents the evaluation results of
the pedestrian environment of selected streets in Chennai. The second section
contains graphical representations of the evaluation results. The third section
deals with the ranking of the streets, based on the statistical analysis of the
qualitative evaluation.
5.2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION
Table 5.1 lists out the comparative performance of the selected
streets, when evaluated for Safety of the pedestrian environment. “Design
principles adopted for traffic calming” is the most critical factor, with all the
surveyed streets scoring “E”.
The results of the evaluation of Comfort characteristics is
highlighted in Table 5.2. All the streets fare very poorly with regard to “Air
pollution” and “Noise pollution”.
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Table 5.1 Evaluation of the Safety characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cumulative
Rating of
Overall Safety
Characteristics
Degree of
obstruction
on the
sidewalks
Sidewalk
surface
conditions
Degree
of
conflict
at
crossings
Design
principles
adopted for
pedestrian
security
Design
principles
adopted
for traffic
calming
Sardar Patel Road D C D E C E
L.B.Road D E D E A E
Gandhinagar 1st Main
roadE C E E D E
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main roadD C D E D E
Sardar Patel Road
(Anna University)D E D E E E
Ranganathan Street D E D A A E
Pantheon Road D D C E C E
Rajaji Salai D C D E C E
Source: Field Survey (2008)
Table 5.3 lists out the comparative performance of the selected
streets, when evaluated for Convenience. “Pedestrian crossings” is the most
critical factor, with all the surveyed streets scoring “E”.
Table 5.2 Evaluation of the Comfort characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Ra
tin
g
of
Ov
era
ll
Co
mfo
rt
Ch
aracte
rist
ics
Pro
tect
ion
from
incle
men
t w
eath
er
No
ise
Poll
uti
on
Air
Poll
uti
on
Fa
cili
tati
on
of
all
ied
acti
vit
ies
Sardar Patel Road D D E E E
L.B.Road C D E E E
Gandhinagar 1st Main Road A D E E C
Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road A C C E C
Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) C D E E E
Ranganathan Street D D A A E
Pantheon Road C E E E D
Rajaji Salai C D E E E
Source: Field Survey, 2008
Table 5.4 lists out the comparative performance of the selected
streets, when evaluated for the Urban environment characteristics.
“Personalisation” is the most neglected factor, with all the surveyed streets
scoring “E”.
183
Table 5.3 Evaluation of the Convenience characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cu
mu
lati
ve R
ati
ng
Of
Ov
era
llC
on
ven
ien
ceC
hara
cter
isti
cs
Leg
ibil
ity
of
the
ped
estr
ian
en
vir
on
men
t
Ped
estr
ian
am
en
itie
s
Ped
estr
ian
cross
ings
Sardar Patel Road D C D EL.B.Road D E D EGandhinagar 1
stMain Road E C E E
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road D C D ESardar Patel Road (Anna University) D E D ERanganathan Street D E D APantheon Road D D C ERajaji Salai D C D E
Source: Field Survey (2008)
The graphical representation of the evaluation results are depicted
in Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4.
Figure 5.1 displays the evaluation of Safety characteristics of the
selected streets.
Table 5.4 Evaluation of the Urban Environment characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cu
mu
lati
ve R
ati
ng
of
Ov
erall
Urb
an
En
vir
on
men
tC
hara
cter
isti
cs
Ch
ara
cter
isti
cs o
fb
uil
din
gs
Ad
her
ence
to
hu
ma
n s
ca
le
Perm
ea
bil
ity
Vari
ety
Leg
ibil
ity
Ro
bu
stn
ess
Ric
hn
ess
Per
son
ali
zati
on
Sardar Patel Road B E D E D B D E EL.B.Road D E D D D D D E EGandhinagar 1
st
Main RoadD E D D C D
C D E
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main RoadD E D E D D
C E E
Sardar Patel Road(Anna University)
D E D D E D D E E
Ranganathan Street D E D E D D D A EPantheon Road D E D E D A D E ERajaji Salai B D D E D B D E E
Source: Field Survey (2008)
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“Design principle adopted for traffic calming”, “Design principles
adopted for pedestrian security”, and “Degree of conflict at crossings” are the
critical safety parameters, which require significant intervention. Figure 5.2
highlights the evaluation of Comfort characteristics of the selected streets.
“Noise pollution”, “Air pollution”, and “Facilitation of Allied Activities” are
the significant comfort parameters. Figure 5.3 displays the evaluation of
Convenience characteristics of the selected streets. “Pedestrian Amenities”
and “Pedestrian crossings” are the critical convenience parameters, with all
the streets scoring “E” or “D”. The evaluation of Urban Environment
characteristics of the selected streets is shown in Figure 5.4.
“Personalization”, “Permeability”, “Characteristics of Buildings”, “Adherence
to Human Scale”, “Variety” and “Richness” are the critical parameters, with
most of the streets faring very poorly.
Only some characteristics would be capable of exhibiting variations at
different times during the day. (Degree of obstruction on the sidewalks,
Sidewalk surface conditions, Design principles adopted for pedestrian
security, Physiological and psychological comfort, Noise pollution, Air
pollution, Facilitation of allied activities, Legibility, Imageability, Variety,
Robustness, Richness, and Personalization)
For some streets, the scores were the same for different times. But for some,
there were variations, e.g. Sardar Patel Road, L. B. Road, Ranganathan Street,
and Pantheon Road (Table 4.6, Table 4.9, Table 4.45, Table 4.47, and Table
4.53).
Table 5.5 depicts the cumulative evaluation of the pedestrian environment of
selected streets in Chennai, taking into consideration safety, comfort,
convenience, and the quality of the urban environment.
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Figure 5.1 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Safety
characteristics of selected streets in Chennai
Source: Field Survey (2008)
EVALUATION OF SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED
STREETS IN CHENNAI
D
D
E
D
D
D
D
D
C
E
C
C
E
E
D
C
D
D
E
D
D
D
C
D
E
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
C
A
D
D
E
A
C
C
E
E
E
E
E
D
E
E
E D C B A
Sardar Patel Road
L.B.Road
Adyar Signal
Gandhinagar
1st Main Road
Gandhinagar
2nd Main Road
Sardar Patel
Road (Anna University)
Ranganathan
Street
Pantheon Road
Rajaji Salai
STREET
RATING
Overall Safety characteristics Degree of obstruction on the sidewalks
Sidewalk surface conditions Degree of conflict at crossings
Design principles adopted for pedestrian security Design principles adopted for traffic calming
186
Figure 5.2 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Comfort
characteristics of selected streets in Chennai
Source: Field Survey (2008)
EVALUATION OF COMFORT CHARACTERISTICS OF
SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI
D
C
A
A
C
D
C
C
D
D
C
C
D
D
E
D
E
E
E
C
E
A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
E
D
E
E D C B A
Sardar Patel Road
L.B.Road
Adyar Signal
Gandhinagar 1st Main
Road
Gandhinagar 2nd Main
Road
Sardar Patel Road
(Anna University)
Ranganathan Street
Pantheon Road
RajajiSalai
STREET
RATING
Overall Comfort characteristics Protection from inclement weather Noise Pollution
Air Pollution Facilitation of allied activities
187
Figure 5.3 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Convenience
characteristics of selected streets in Chennai
Source: Field Survey (2008)
EVALUATION OF CONVENIENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
D
E
D
D
E
D
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
E
D
E
E
E D C B A
Sardar Patel Road
L.B.Road
Adyar Signal
Gandhinagar 1st
Main Road
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road
Sardar Patel Road
(Anna University)
Ranganathan
Street
Pantheon Road
Rajaji Salai
STREET
RATING
Overall Convenience characteristics Legibility of the pedestrian environment
Pedestrian amenities Pedestrian crossings
188
Figure 5.4 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the characteristics
of the Urban Environment of selected streets in Chennai
Source: Field Survey (2008)
EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN
ENVIRONMENT OF SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI
B
D
D
D
D
D
D
B
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
D
D
E
D
E
E
E
D
D
C
D
E
D
D
D
B
D
D
D
D
D
A
B
D
D
C
C
D
D
D
D
E
E
D
E
E
A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E D C B A
Sardar Patel Road
L.B.Road
Adyar Signal
Gandhinagar 1st Main
Road
Gandhinagar 2nd Main
Road
Sardar Patel Road
(Anna University)
Ranganathan Street
Pantheon Road
Rajaji Salai
STREET
RATING
Overall characteristics of the Urban environment Characteristics of buildingsAdherence to human scale Permeability
Variety Legibility
Robustness Richness
Personalization
189
The overall pedestrian environment fares very poorly in Chennai.
With the exception of few particular stretches, the streets bear a remarkable
lack of sensitivity towards the pedestrian.
Table 5.5 Cumulative evaluation of the pedestrian environment of
selected streets in Chennai
Street
Parameter
AdyarSignal
Gan
dh
inag
ar
1st M
ain
Road
Gan
dh
inag
ar
2n
d
Main
Road
Sard
ar
Pate
l R
oad
(An
na
Un
iver
sity
)
Ra
ng
an
ath
an
Str
eet
Pa
nth
eon
Ro
ad
Ra
jaji
Sa
lai
Sa
rd
ar P
ate
l
Road
L.B
.Road
Cumulative Rating of Overall SafetyCharacteristics
D D E D D D D D
Cum
ula
tive
Rat
ing
of
Det
aile
d S
afet
yC
har
acte
rist
ics
Degree of obstruction on thesidewalks
C E C C E E D C
Sidewalk surface conditions D D E D D D C D
Degree of conflict at crossings E E E E E A E EDesign principles adopted for
pedestrian securityC A D D E A C C
Design principles adopted fortraffic calming
E E E E E D E E
Cumulative Rating of Overall ComfortCharacteristics
D C A A C D C C
Cum
ula
tive
Rat
ing
of
Det
aile
dC
om
fort
Char
acte
rist
ics
Protection from inclementweather
D D D C D D E D
Noise Pollution E E E C E A E EAir Pollution E E E E E A E E
Facilitation of allied activities E E C C E E D E
Cumulative Rating of Overall ConvenienceCharacteristics
E E E E E E E E
Cum
ula
tive
Rat
ing o
fD
etai
led
Conven
ience
Char
acte
rist
ics Legibility of the pedestrian
environmentD D D E D D E D
Pedestrian amenities E E E E E E E E
Pedestrian crossings E E D D E D E E
Cumulative Rating of Overall UrbanEnvironment Characteristics
B D D D D D D B
Cum
ula
tive
Rat
ing
of
Det
aile
d U
rban
Envir
onm
ent
Char
acte
rist
ics
Characteristics of buildings E E E E E E E D
Adherence to human scale D D D D D D D DPermeability E D D E D E E E
Variety D D C D E D D DLegibility B D D D D D A B
Robustness D D C C D D D D
Richness E E D E E A E EPersonalization E E E E E E E E
Source: Field Survey (2008)
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A detailed look at the various grades awarded across all streets and all
parameters in Table 5.5 reveals that:
Of a total of 192 grades awarded for various parameters across eight streets,
Grade A accounted for 09
Grade B accounted for 04
Grade C accounted for 19
Grade D accounted for 71, and
Grade E accounted for 89.
5.2.1 Ranking of the Streets on Overall Characteristics
Using a score of A=5 to E=1, a ranking of the streets based on the
overall characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience and the urban
environment was carried out. The results are displayed in Table 5.6, Table
5.7, Table 5.8, and Table 5.9 respectively.
Table 5.6 reveals that all the streets fare poorly with regard to overall
pedestrian safety, scoring “D”, while Gandhinagar First Main Road scores
“E”. The priority for remedial measures would be:
1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road - rating of “E” - requires immediate
intervention
2. All other streets – rating of “D” - require equal attention next
Table 5.7 displays the rating of Overall comfort characteristics. Gandhinagar
First Main Road and Gandhinagar Second Main Road lead the rankings of
overall comfort, while Sardar Patel Road (Adyar Signal) and Ranganathan
Street offer the most uncomfortable environment. The priority for remedial
measures would be:
1. Sardar Patel Road and Ranganathan Street - rating of “D” -
requires immediate intervention.
2. L.B.Road, Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), Pantheon
Road, and Rajaji Salai – “C” - require equal attention next.
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3. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road and 2
nd Main Road - rating of “A” -
need to be examined last.
Table 5.8 displays the rating of Overall convenience characteristics. All the
streets fare poorly with regard to overall pedestrian convenience, scoring “D”,
while Gandhinagar First Main Road has the most inconvenient pedestrian
environment, with a score of “E”. The priority would therefore be:
1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road - “E” - requires immediate
intervention.
2. All other streets – rating of “D” - require equal attention next.
Table 5.9 (Page 212) displays the rating of Overall urban environment
characteristics. Sardar Patel Road (Adyar Signal) and Rajaji Salai have the
best pedestrian urban environment. The priority would therefore be:
1. L.B.Road, Gandhinagar 1st and 2nd Main Road, Sardar Patel
Road (Anna University), Ranganathan Street, and Pantheon
Road - rating of “D” - requires immediate intervention.
2. Sardar Patel Road and Rajaji Salai – rating of “B” - require
equal attention next.
Table 5.6 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Safety characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cumulative Rating
of Overall Safety
Characteristics
Score Ranking
Sardar Patel Road D 2 1
L.B.Road D 2 1
Gandhinagar 1st Main Road E 1 2
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road D 2 1
Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) D 2 1
Ranganathan Street D 2 1
Pantheon Road D 2 1
Rajaji Salai D 2 1
Source: Field Survey (2008)
192
Table 5.7 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Comfort characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cumulative Ratingof Overall Comfort
CharacteristicsScore Ranking
Sardar Patel Road D 2 3
L.B.Road C 3 2
Gandhinagar 1st
Main Road A 5 1Gandhinagar 2
ndMain Road A 5 1
Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) C 3 2
Ranganathan Street D 2 3
Pantheon Road C 3 2Rajaji Salai C 3 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
Table 5.8 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Convenience characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cumulative Rating of
Overall Convenience
Characteristics
Score Ranking
Sardar Patel Road D 2 1
L.B.Road D 2 1
Gandhinagar 1st Main Road E 1 2
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road D 2 1
Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) D 2 1
Ranganathan Street D 2 1
Pantheon Road D 2 1
Rajaji Salai D 2 1Source: Field Survey (2008)
Table 5.9 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Urban Environment
characteristics
Parameter
Street
Cumulative Rating of
Overall Urban
Environment
Characteristics
Score Ranking
Sardar Patel Road B 4 1
L.B.Road D 2 2
Gandhinagar 1st Main Road D 2 2
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road D 2 2
Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) D 2 2
Ranganathan Street D 2 2
Pantheon Road D 2 2
Rajaji Salai B 4 1
Source: Field Survey (2008)
193
5.2.2 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Characteristics
Once a particular street is chosen for improvement, the
Cumulative rating of Detailed characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience,
and the quality of the urban environment could be used in prioritizing works
to be carried out on that particular street. Thus it would be helpful in selecting
the particular characteristics which require immediate design intervention.
The ranking of the Overall characteristics is distinct from the ranking of the
Detailed characteristics; they cannot be compared to each other.
But, when two or more streets receive a same rating, the ranking
of the Detailed characteristics using a statistical method (Table 5.10, Table
5.11, Table 5.12, and Table 5.13) can facilitate the identification of streets
which need priority for specific remedial measures. Whichever street receives
a lesser Detailed rating is taken up for redesign first. If two or more streets
still share the same Detailed rating, then equal consideration is to be provided
to them.
Safety and Comfort are the two characteristics which are critical
to the life and health of a pedestrian. Thus in a situation where all parameters
receive the same rating, Safety could be considered first when designing
remedial measures, followed by Comfort. Convenience and the Quality of the
urban environment could be given equal consideration.
A statistical analysis of the evaluation data using the Kruskall-
Wallis One-way Anova was used to rank the selected streets on the detailed
characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience and the urban environment.
The results of this statistical analysis are displayed in Table 5.10, Table 5.11,
Table 5.12, and Table 5.13 respectively.
For comparing the mean rank of the eight selected streets with
regard to Safety, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here the
194
null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean
rank of the eight streets with regard to Safety. Since P value is greater than
0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there
is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with
regard to Safety at 5% level of significance. As Table 5.10 depicts,
Ranganathan Street offers the safest pedestrian environment, while Sardar
Patel Road (Anna University) is ranked the least.
Table 5.10 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Safety characteristics
Street Mean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Street on
Detailed Safety
Characteristics
Sardar Patel Road 22.30
5.3338 0.6193
2
L.B.Road 18.70 4
Gandhinagar 1st
Main Road 17.60 5
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road 20.50 3
Sardar Patel Road (Anna
University)12.90 6
Ranganathan Street 27.40 1
Pantheon Road 22.30 2
Rajaji Salai 22.30 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the eight selected streets with
regard to Comfort, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here the
null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean
ranks of the eight streets with regard to Comfort. Since P value is greater than
0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there
is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with
regard to Comfort at 5% level of significance. Table 5.11 reveals that
Ranganathan Street is the most comfortable, followed closely by Gandhinagar
Second Main Road.
195
Table 5.11 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Comfort characteristics
Street MeanRank
Chi-Square
P valueRanking of Street on
Detailed ComfortCharacteristics
Sardar Patel Road 13.25
9.6506 0.2093
4L.B.Road 13.25 4Gandhinagar 1
stMain Road 17.88 3
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road 23.88 2Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) 13.25 4Ranganathan Street 24.00 1Pantheon Road 13.25 4Rajaji Salai 13.25 4
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the eight selected streets with
regard to Convenience, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here
the null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean
ranks of the eight streets with regard to Convenience. Since P value is greater
than 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence
there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets
with regard to Convenience at 5% level of significance. Gandhinagar First
Main Road and Ranganathan Street are the most convenient streets, while
Pantheon Road offers the least convenience, as highlighted by Table 5.12.
Table 5.12 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Convenience characteristics
Street MeanRank
Chi-Square
P valueRanking of Street onDetailed Convenience
CharacteristicsSardar Patel Road 12.00
3.9185 0.7891
2L.B.Road 12.00 2Gandhinagar 1
stMain Road 16.00 1
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road 12.00 2Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) 12.00 2Ranganathan Street 16.00 1Pantheon Road 8.00 3Rajaji Salai 12.00 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the eight selected streets with
regard to Quality of the Urban environment, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way
196
Anova is applied. Here the null hypothesis is that there is no significant
difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with regard to Quality
of the Urban environment. Since P value is greater than 0.05, the null
hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no
significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with regard
to Quality of the Urban environment at 5% level of significance. Table 5.13
shows that Gandhinagar First Main Road and Rajaji Salai have the best urban
environment, while Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) and Ranganathan
Street possess the least quality of the urban environment.
Table 5.13 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Urban Environment
characteristics
Street MeanRank
Chi-Square
Pvalue
Ranking of Street onDetailed UrbanEnvironment
CharacteristicsSardar Patel Road 24.08
2.5529 0.9231
5L.B.Road 24.50 3Gandhinagar 1
stMain Road 29.83 1
Gandhinagar 2nd
Main Road 23.67 6Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) 21.00 7Ranganathan Street 21.00 7Pantheon Road 24.33 4Rajaji Salai 27.58 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
Thus, the priority of streets for corrective action would be as follows:
Safety:
1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road
2. Sardar Patel Road (Anna University)
3. L.B.Road
4. Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road
5. Sardar Patel Road, Pantheon Road, and Rajaji Salai
6. Ranganathan Street
197
Comfort:
1. Sardar Patel Road
2. Ranganathan Street
3. L.B.Road, Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), Pantheon
Road, and Rajaji Salai
4. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road
5. Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road
Convenience:
1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road
2. Pantheon Road
3. Sardar Patel Road, L.B.Road, Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road,
Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), and Rajaji Salai
4. Ranganathan Street
Urban environment:
1. Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) and Ranganathan Street
2. Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road
3. Pantheon Road
4. L.B.Road
5. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road
6. Sardar Patel Road
7. Rajaji Salai
5.2.3 Ranking of the Characteristics
A statistical analysis of the evaluation data using the Friedman
Two-way Anova was used to rank the characteristics both at the overall and
198
the detailed level, as this test is ideal when comparing k dependent samples.
The results of this statistical analysis are displayed in Table 5.14, Table 5.15,
Table 5.16, Table 5.17, and Table 5.18 respectively.
This tabulation of the ranking of characteristics helps in
highlighting the critical characteristics and parameters across the entire
spectrum of the surveyed streets. This statistical exercise pinpoints the overall
performance of a characteristic or a parameter within a characteristic.
For comparing the mean rank of the Overall characteristics, the
Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null hypothesis is that there is
no significant difference between the mean ranks of the Overall
characteristics. Since P value is less than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected
at a 1% level of significance. Hence there is a significant difference between
the mean ranks of the Overall characteristics at 1% level of significance.
Thus, as Table 5.14 Ranking of the Overall characteristics reveal, Overall
Convenience fares poorly across all the selected streets, when compared to the
other characteristics like safety, comfort, and the quality of the urban
environment.
Table 5.14 Ranking of the Overall characteristics
CharacteristicsMean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Characteristics
Overall Safety 2.38
16.6125 0.0008**
3
Overall Comfort 3.56 1
Overall Convenience 1.06 4
Overall Urban Environment 3.00 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Safety
characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null
hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of
199
the Detailed Safety characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.01 and less
than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected at a 5% level of significance. Hence
there is a significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Safety
characteristics at 5% level of significance. With regard to Detailed Safety,
“Design Principles adopted for Traffic Calming” is very inadequate, as
highlighted by Table 5.15.
Table 5.15 Ranking of the Detailed Safety characteristics
Detailed Safety CharacteristicsMean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Characteristics
Degree of obstruction on the
sidewalks3.44
11.7750 0.0191*
2
Sidewalk surface conditions 3.44 2
Degree of conflict at crossings 2.13 3
Design principles adopted for
pedestrian security4.13 1
Design principles adopted for
traffic calming1.88 4
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Comfort
characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null
hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of
the Detailed Comfort characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.05, the
null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no
significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Comfort
characteristics at 5% level of significance. With regard to Detailed Comfort,
“Air Pollution” is the most critical parameter requiring remedial intervention,
as highlighted by Table 5.16.
200
Table 5.16 Ranking of the Detailed Comfort characteristics
Detailed Comfort
Characteristics
Mean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Characteristics
Protection from inclement
weather3.25
4.2000 0.2047
1
Noise pollution 2.25 3
Air pollution 2.00 4
Facilitation of allied activities 2.50 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Convenience
characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null
hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of
the Detailed Convenience characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.05,
the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no
significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Convenience
characteristics at 5% level of significance. According to Table 5.17,
“Pedestrian Amenities” require immediate intervention.
Table 5.17 Ranking of the Detailed Convenience characteristics
Detailed Convenience
Characteristics
Mean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Characteristics
Legibility of the pedestrian
environment2.56
5.0625 0.0796
1
Pedestrian amenities 1.44 3
Pedestrian crossings 2.00 2
Source: Field Survey (2008)
For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Urban
Environment characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here
the null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean
ranks of the Detailed Urban Environment characteristics. Since P value is less
201
than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at a 1% level of significance. Hence
there is a significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Urban
Environment characteristics at 1% level of significance. A ranking of the
Detailed Urban Environment characteristics is depicted in Table 5.18. This
reveals that, “Personalization”, “Characteristics of Buildings”, “Richness”,
“Permeability”, and “Variety” are the critical parameters which are grossly
deficient.
Table 5.18 Ranking of the Detailed Urban Environment characteristics
Detailed Urban Environment
Characteristics
Mean
Rank
Chi-
SquareP value
Ranking of
Characteristics
Characteristics of buildings 2.63
29.0000 0.0001**
7
Adherence to human scale 5.75 3
Permeability 3.56 5
Variety 5.63 4
Legibility 6.56 1
Robustness 6.38 2
Richness 3.31 6
Personalization 2.19 8
Source: Field Survey (2008)
5.3 SUMMARY
The findings of the research study, comprising of the evaluation results, the
graphical representations and the statistical analysis of the evaluation data,
help to provide a comprehensive assessment of the pedestrian environment.
The statistical analysis helps to schedule improvement works, based on the
respective ranking of the streets. The next chapter deals with the conclusions
and recommendations of the research work.