CHAPTER 5 FIELD STUDY 5.1 Introduction -...

Field Study

144

CHAPTER 5

FIELD STUDY

5.1 Introduction

This chapter is based on primary data gathered from field study. Using

this data the hypotheses have been tested. For this we have used a statistical

technique ie. chi-square test.

We have collected cross sectional data from both practitioners and non

practitioners. Samples have been drawn from companies like Infosys, IBM and

Nokia. Out of 150 samples number of practitioners is 80 and number of non

practitioners is 70. Separate questionnaire was administered for the groups.

5.2 Profile of Respondents

As said earlier samples were drawn from the three companies. We made

purposive sampling to examine the impact of spiritual practices. Below we

have presented the profile of respondents.

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5.2 PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

Name of the

Corporate

INFOSYS IBM NOKIA

Age group 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 + 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 + 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 +

Age wise

distribution

8 25 14 3 4 29 13 - 3 27 14 6

Sex wise

distribution

Male Female Male Female Male Female

28 22 32 18 37 13

Tire wise

distribution

Top

Managers

Middle

Tier

Lower

Tier

Top

Managers

Middle

Tier

Lower

Tier

Top

Managers

Middle

Tier

Lower

Tier

10 40 - 4 46 - 8 42 -

Practitioner 35 28 17

Non

practitioner

15 22 33

Total 50 50 50

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Profile of respondents table is in landscape please print and add

5.3 Ratio of Practitioners to Non Practitioners

Here an attempt is made to examine and test the views of respondents on

the spiritual practices.

Table 5.1 Distribution of respondents by organizations

Category Practitioner Non- Practitioner Total

Corp

Infosys Count 35 15 50

% within practice 43.8% 21.4% 33.3%

IBM Count 28 22 50


Nokia Count 17 33 50


Total Count 80 70 150

% within practice 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source: Field Survey

Figure 5.1

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147

The above cross tabulation and chi-square tests revealed the information

about the proportion of practitioners and non-practitioners working in the three

corporates.

In Infosys Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the

number of practitioners was 35 and non practitioners was 15.

In IBM Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the number of

practitioners was 28 and non practitioners was 22.

In Nokia Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the

number of practitioners was 17 and non practitioners was 33.

Out of 150 samples respondent 80 of them are being practitioners of

spirituality according to data. Out of 80 practitioners, percentage of

practitioners in Infosys is 43.8%, in IBM it is 35% and in Nokia it is 21.2%.

Therefore Infosys has got more number of practitioners compared to IBM and

Nokia.

5.4 Hypothesis 1

Null Hypothesis- Ho: Being spiritual practitioner employability in corporate is

significantly lower than others.

Alternate Hypothesis- H1: Being spiritual practitioner employability in

corporate is significantly higher than others.

To test this hypothesis Chi-Square test is conducted. The result of the Chi-

square is presented in table below.

In the following section the above mentioned hypothesis is statistically tested

and results are presented

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Table 5.1.1 Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 13.232*** 2 .001

Likelihood Ratio 13.494 2 .001

Linear-by-Linear

Association 12.931*** 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 150

***Significant at one percent level.

The Chi-square test was conducted to find the significant difference in

number of respondents expressed their opinion in want of spirituality among

three corporates at 1 percent level. Therefore the number of practitioners in

Infosys is significantly higher than IBM and Nokia. In the mean time it is also

found from the test that number of respondents favouring spirituality in

corporate is significantly higher opined at 5 percent level. It is found from the

test, that the number of practitioners is significantly higher than the non

practitioners in these corporates. Hence more of practitioners are working in

the corporate. Thus it can be observed that being a spiritual practitioner

employability in corporate is significantly higher.

5.5 Need for Spiritual Practices in Corporates

Here an attempt is made to examine and test the views of respondents on

the need for spiritual practices.

Table 5.2 Distribution of respondents by spiritual practices

Category Yes No Total

Corp

Infosys Count 45 5 50

% within Need 37.5% 16.7% 33.3%

IBM Count 40 10 50

% within Need 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%

Nokia Count 35 15 50

% within Need 29.2% 50.0% 33.3%


% within Need 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source: Field Survey

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Figure 5.2

The above cross tabulation and chi-square tests reveal the positive

opinion of respondents about the need for spirituality in the workplace.

In Infosys out of 50 sample respondents, 45of them have expressed

positive opinion about the need for spirituality at workplace.

In IBM out of 50 sample respondents, 40 of them have expressed


In Nokia out of 50 sample respondents, 35 of them have expressed


Out of 150 sample respondents 120 of them have expressed positive

opinion about the need of spirituality at workplace.

Percentage of respondents expressed positive opinion in Infosys is

37.5%, in IBM it is 33.3% and in Nokia it is 29.2%. Therefore Infosys has got

more number of respondents with positive opinion about the need for

spirituality in corporate compared to IBM and Nokia.

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5.6 Hypothesis 2

Null Hypothesis- Ho : Spiritually motivated executives do not perform well in

the corporate world.

Alternate Hypothesis- H1 : Spiritually motivated executives perform well in

the corporate world.

In the following section the above mentioned hypothesis is statistically tested

and results are presented


Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 6.250** 2 .044


Linear-by-Linear

Association 6.208** 1 .013

N of Valid Cases 150

**Significant at five percent level.

The Chi-square test was conducted to find the significant difference in

the number of respondents expressed their positive opinion about the need for

spirituality among three corporates at 1 percent level. Therefore the numbers of

respondents expressing positive opinion about spirituality in Infosys is

significantly higher than IBM and Nokia. In the mean time it is also found from

the test that no of respondents expressing the positive opinion about spirituality

in corporate significantly higher than the respondents who have negatively

opined at 5 percent level. Hence there is a need for spiritual practices in

workplace.

Thus there is a need for workplace spirituality in corporate sector.

5.7 Impact Of Spiritual Practices On Behavioural Aspects Of Corporate

Management

In this part of analysis under the programmes for behavioural changes has been

examined. From all the three corporate, practitioners and non practitioners data

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have been collected. Parameters selected are hypothesis 3(A) personality

development, hypothesis 3(B) communication, hypothesis 3(C) motivation,

hypothesis 3(D) decision making and hypothesis 3(E) leadership.

Table 5.3 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on

Personality Development

Yes No Total

Practitioner Practitioner Count 70 10 80

% within Practitioner 87.5% 12.5% 100.0%

Non-

practitioner

Count 43 27 70




Figure 5.3 Personality Development

The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the

opinion of sample respondents ( practitioners and non – practitioners ) on the

impact of workplace spirituality on personality development.

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According to the data out of 80 practitioners 70 of them opined that

spiritual practice has got positive impact on personality development.

According to the data out of 70 non-practitioners 43 of them opined that

spiritual practice has got positive impact on personality development.

Out of 113 respondents who have expressed positive opinion about the

impact of spirituality on personality development 70 of them are practitioners

and remaining 43 are non –practitioners.

5.8 Hypothesis 3

Null Hypothesis- Ho : Workplace spirituality do not play predominant role in

Behavioural Aspects.

Alternative Hypothesis- H1 : Workplace spirituality play predominant role in

Behavioural Aspects.

In this part of analysis under the programmes for behavioural changes has been

examined. From all the three corporate, practitioners and non practitioners data

have been collected. Parameters selected are personality development,

communication, motivation, decision making and leadership.

Hypothesis 3(A)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 13.656a 1 .000

Continuity

Correctionb

12.289 1 .000


Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000

Linear-by-Linear

Association 13.565 1 .000

N of Valid Casesb 150

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is

17.27.

b. Computed only for a 2x2

table

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The Chi-square test conducted to find the significant difference between

practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative opinion on

the impact of workplace spirituality on personality development. It is found

from the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is

significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.

Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of workplace

spirituality on personality development is significantly higher than non-

practitioners.

In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total

opinions the number of positive opinions is more than the negative opinions at

1percent level.

Therefore spiritual workplace spirituality has got positive impact on

personality development.


Communication

Yes No Total



Non-

practitioner

Count 38 32 70




Figure 5.4

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opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on

communication.

According to the data out of 80 practitioners 65 opined that spiritual

practice has got positive impact on communication. According to the data out

of 70 non-practitioners 38 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact

on communication. Therefore, totally 103 respondents have expressed positive

opinion about the impact of workplace spirituality on communication (65 of

them are practitioners and remaining 38 are non –practitioners).

Hypothesis 3(B)

Table 5.4.1Chi-Square Tests

Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity Correctionb 11.394 1 .001



Linear-by-Linear



a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count

is 21.93.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table



the impact of workplace spirituality on communication. It is found from the test

that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly

higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.

Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of spirituality on

communication is significantly higher than non-practitioners.

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In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total opinions the

numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions at 1percent

level.

Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality has got positive

impact on communication.


Motivation

Yes No Total

Practitione

r

Practitioner Count 59 21 80


Non-

practitioner

Count 35 35 70




Figure 5.5

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motivation.

According to the data out of 80 practitioners 59 of them opined that

spiritual practice has got positive impact on motivation. According to the data

out of 70 non-practitioners 35 have opined that spiritual practices has got

positive impact on motivation.

Out of total 94 respondents who have expressed positive opinion about

the impact of workplace spirituality on motivation 59 of them are practitioners


Hypothesis 3(C)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

8.014 1 .005



Linear-by-Linear




is 26.13.


The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference

between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative

opinion on impact of workplace spirituality on motivation. It is found from the

test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is


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157

Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of workplace

spirituality on motivation is significantly higher than non-practitioners.


opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions

at 1percent level.

Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality got positive impact

on motivation.


Decision making

Yes No Total



Non-

practitioner

Count 31 39 70




Figure 5.6

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158


opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on decision

making.


practice has got positive impact on decision making. According to the data out

of 70 non-practitioners 31 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact

on decision making.

Therefore totally 86 respondents have expressed positive opinion about

the impact of workplace spirituality on decision making 55of them are

practitioners and remaining 31 are non –practitioners.

Hypothesis 3(D)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

8.161 1 .004



Linear-by-Linear




is 29.87.




the impact of workplace spirituality on decision making. It is found from the



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decision making is significantly higher than non-practitioners.



at 1percent level.


impact on decision making.


Leadership

Yes No Total

Practitioner Count 51 29 80


Non-

practitioner

Count 27 43 70




Figure 5.7

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160

Hypothesis 3(E)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

8.500 1 .004



Linear-by-Linear




is 33.60.




leadership.


practice has got positive impact on leadership. According to the data out of 70

non-practitioners 27 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact on

leadership.

Therefore, totally 78 respondents have expressed positive opinion about

the impact of workplace spirituality on leadership 51of them are practitioners




the impact of workplace spirituality on leadership. It is found from the test that

the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly

higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.

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161


leadership is significantly higher than non-practitioners.



at 1percent level.


impact on leadership.

5.9 Impact OF Spiritual Practices on Human Resource Development And

Corporate Management

In this part on the basis of field data the impact of spiritual practices on

human resource development and corporate management has been analysed.

From all the three corporates, practitioners and non practitioners data have been

collected. Parameters selected are hypothesis 4(A) efficiency, hypothesis 4(B)

productivity, hypothesis 4(C) teambuilding, hypothesis 4(D) stress

management, hypothesis 4(E) accountability, hypothesis 4(F) use of resources

and hypothesis 4(G) time management.


Corporate Efficiency

Yes No Total

Groups Practitioner Count 74 6 80

% within Groups 92.5% 7.5% 100.0%

Non-

Practitioner

Count 55 15 70

% within Groups 78.6% 21.4% 100.0%


% within Groups 86.0% 14.0% 100.0%

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162

Figure 5.8

The earlier study was on individual impact analysis of Spiritual

Practitioners and non-practitioners. In the following section an attempt has

been made to analyse the Impact of Spiritual practices on human resource

development for better Corporate Management.

The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about

the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on

Efficiency level of Corporate Management.

Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003), 1Economic efficiency refers to the

use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services.

According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 74 of them opined that

workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Efficiency level and out of 70

non-practitioners 55 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive

impact on Efficiency level.

1 Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin : Economics: Principles in action. Upper

Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2003, pp. 15. ISBN 0-13-

063085-3

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5.10 HYPOTHESIS 4

Null Hypothesis- Ho : Spiritual practitioners do not have positive impact on

Human Resource development and Corporate management

Alternate Hypothesis- H1 : Spiritual practitioners will have positive impact on

Human Resource Development and Corporate management.

In this part of analysis under the programmes for impact of spiritual practice on

human resource development and corporate management has been examined.

From all the three corporates, practitioners and non practitioners data have been

collected. Parameters selected are efficiency, productivity, teambuilding, stress

management, accountability, use of resources and time management.

Hypothesis 4(A)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

4.914 1 .027





is 9.80.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Efficiency level. It is found from the


significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the

opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Efficiency

level is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.

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164



at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on

Efficiency Level of Corporate Management.

Table 5.9 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of

spirituality on Corporate Productivity

Yes No Total


% within Groups 88.8% 11.2% 100.0%

Non-Practitioner Count 48 22 70

% within Groups 68.6% 31.4% 100.0%


% within Groups 79.3% 20.7% 100.0%

Figure 5.9



Productivity of Corporate Management.

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165

According to L.R. Rodrigues, (2007), 2Productivity is commonly

defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input

use. Classically, productivity in generic terms is defined as Output divided by

input.


workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Productivity and out of 70

non-practitioners 48 of them opined that workplace spirituality has got positive

impact on Productivity.

Hypothesis 4(B)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)

Pearson Chi-

Square 9.272

a 1 .002

Continuity

Correctionb

8.082 1 .004





is 14.47.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Productivity. It is found from the test

that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly

higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the opinion of

practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Productivity is

significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.

2 L.R. Rodrigues : A comprehensive model to address the research needs of U.A.E. with

special emphasis on productivity enhancement, 2007

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Productivity of Corporate Management.


Corporate Team Building

Yes No Total


% within Groups 85.0% 15.0% 100.0%

Non-

Practitioner

Count 44 26 70

% within Groups 62.9% 37.1% 100.0%


% within Groups 74.7% 25.3% 100.0%

Figure 5.10



Team Building of Corporate Management.

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workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Team Building and out of 70


impact on Team Building.

Hypothesis 4(C)


Value df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)

Pearson Chi-

Square 9.677

a 1 .002

Continuity

Correctionb

8.542 1 .003





is 17.73.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Team Building. It is found from the



opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Team Building

is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.




Team Building of Corporate Management.

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Table 5.11 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality

on Corporate Stress Management

Yes No Total


% within Groups 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%

Non-Practitioner Count 41 29 70

% within Groups 58.6% 41.4% 100.0%


% within Groups 70.0% 30.0% 100.0%

Figure 5.11



Stress Management in Corporate Management.


workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Stress Management and out of

70 non-practitioners 41 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive

impact on Stress Management.

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Hypothesis 4(D)


Value df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)

Pearson Chi-

Square 8.163

a 1 .004

Continuity

Correctionb

7.175 1 .007





is 21.00.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Stress Management. It is found from

the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is


opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Stress

Management is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.




Stress Management in Corporate Management.

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Table 5.12 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of

spirituality on Corporate Accountability

Yes No Total


% within Groups 76.2% 23.8% 100.0%

Non-

Practitioner

Count 37 33 70

% within Groups 52.9% 47.1% 100.0%


% within Groups 65.3% 34.7% 100.0%

Figure 5.12



Accountability in Corporate Management.


workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Accountability and out of 70

non-practitioners 37 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive

impact on Accountability.

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Hypothesis 4(E)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

8.017 1 .005





is 24.27.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Accountability. It is found from the



opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Accountability

is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.




Accountability in Corporate Management.

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Table 5.13 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality

on Corporate Use of Resources

Yes No Total

1.00 2.00


% within Groups 72.5% 27.5% 100.0%

Non-

Practitioner

Count 33 37 70

% within Groups 47.1% 52.9% 100.0%


% within Groups 60.7% 39.3% 100.0%

Figure 5.13



Use of Resources in Corporate Management.


workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Use of Resources and out of

70 non-practitioners 33 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive

impact on Use of Resources.

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Hypothesis 4(F)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

9.025 1 .003





is 27.53.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Use of Resources. It is found from



opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Use of

Resources is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.




Use of Resources in Corporate Management.

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Corporate Time Management

Yes No Total


% within Groups 68.8% 31.2% 100.0%

Non-

Practitioner

Count 30 40 70

% within Groups 42.9% 57.1% 100.0%


% within Groups 56.7% 43.3% 100.0%

Figure 5.14



Time Management in Corporate Management.


spiritual practice has got positive impact on Time Management and out of 70


impact on Time Management.

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Hypothesis 4(G)


Value df

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)


Continuity

Correctionb

9.166 1 .002





is 30.33.




opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Use of Resources. It is found from



opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Time

Management is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.




Time Management in Corporate Management.

Conclusion

On the basis of field study we have statistically tested all the four

hypothesis. Thus it is clear that spiritual practices have profound impact on

individual attributes and also organizational attributes.

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