Chapter 5Chapter 5Eastern River

Valleys

Eastern River

Valleys

Eastern River Valley

Civilizations

River Valley civilizations were more isolated than Egypt & Mesopotamia

River Valley civilizations were more isolated than Egypt & Mesopotamia•Mountains•Deserts•Large bodies of water•Did not trade with other parts of the world

•Mountains•Deserts•Large bodies of water•Did not trade with other parts of the world

Eastern River Valley civilizations became self sufficient:

Eastern River Valley civilizations became self sufficient:

Able to take care of nearly all their own

needs

Able to take care of nearly all their own

needs

Section 1Section 1The Indus

River Valley

The Indus River Valley

Indus River Valley civilization:Indus River Valley civilization:•Present day Pakistan & India•Settled by Harappans in 2500 B.C.

•Covered area of 1000 miles (from foothills of Himalayas to Indian Ocean

•Twice as large as Mesopotamia or Egypt

•Present day Pakistan & India•Settled by Harappans in 2500 B.C.

•Covered area of 1000 miles (from foothills of Himalayas to Indian Ocean

•Twice as large as Mesopotamia or Egypt

HarappansHarappans•First civilization

•Not first people to settle area

•First civilization

•Not first people to settle area

Harappans life revolved around Indus River:

Harappans life revolved around Indus River:•Fertilized land /

rich soil•Built dikes and dams to control flooding

•Built irrigation system

•Fertilized land / rich soil

•Built dikes and dams to control flooding

•Built irrigation system

Crops included:Crops included:

•Barley, wheat, peas, melons, dates

•Fish from river•Cotton

•Barley, wheat, peas, melons, dates

•Fish from river•Cotton

CottonCotton•First to grow cotton•First to spin cotton•First to weave cotton into cloth

•First to dye with bright colors

•First to grow cotton•First to spin cotton•First to weave cotton into cloth

•First to dye with bright colors

River also influenced city construction:

River also influenced city construction:•Built on raised mounds

•Mud from river used to make bricks

•Bricks were sometimes fired (baked) in kilns (ovens); this made bricks stronger

•Built on raised mounds•Mud from river used to make bricks

•Bricks were sometimes fired (baked) in kilns (ovens); this made bricks stronger

Mohenjo-Daro

Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro•Found by archeologist, R. D. Banerji in 1922

•He found stone seals that led to excavation

•Began digging in 1924

•Found by archeologist, R. D. Banerji in 1922

•He found stone seals that led to excavation

•Began digging in 1924

Archeological findings confirmed ancient civilization….

Archeological findings confirmed ancient civilization….•Mohenjo-Daro

thrived around 2500 B.C.

•Was southern center of widespread civilization

•Mohenjo-Daro thrived around 2500 B.C.

•Was southern center of widespread civilization

http://www.harappa.com/indus4/index.html

HarappaHarappa

HarappaHarappa•Northern center of civilization

•400 miles from Mohenjo-Daro

•Northern center of civilization

•400 miles from Mohenjo-Daro

400 miles between Harappa &Mohenjo-Daro

400 miles between Harappa &Mohenjo-Daro

LothalLothal•Ruins of dockyard•Suggest Indus Valley people used boats for transportation

•Could sail through Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia

•Ruins of dockyard•Suggest Indus Valley people used boats for transportation

•Could sail through Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia

City Construction of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa

City Construction of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa•Planned community: city built to a definite plan

•Hundreds of small buildings: homes & small shops

•Planned community: city built to a definite plan

•Hundreds of small buildings: homes & small shops

•Laid out in a grid: (uniform network)

•Houses were two stories w/ courtyard

•Had bathrooms, wells and drains: drains carried waste and were cleaned regularly; this protected health

•Laid out in a grid: (uniform network)

•Houses were two stories w/ courtyard

•Had bathrooms, wells and drains: drains carried waste and were cleaned regularly; this protected health

Each city had its own citadel (fortress):Each city had its own citadel (fortress):•Mound 40 ft. high•Surrounded by thick wall•Inside was huge water tank called Great Bath

•Next to Bath was huge granary

•Mound 40 ft. high•Surrounded by thick wall•Inside was huge water tank called Great Bath

•Next to Bath was huge granary

70 other cities have been found covering an area more than three times the

size of California

70 other cities have been found covering an area more than three times the

size of California

What happened to the Harappan

civilization

What happened to the Harappan

civilization

??

Decline of Harappa:Decline of Harappa:

Maybe…They used up natural resources…over farmed the land

Maybe…They used up natural resources…over farmed the land

Possibility #1Possibility #1

Possibility #2Possibility #2Maybe…Cut down too many treesto fuel oven

(deforestation)

Maybe…Cut down too many treesto fuel oven

(deforestation)-without trees the floods swept away soil

-without trees the floods swept away soil -city was rebuilt several times (each time it was built weaker)

-city was rebuilt several times (each time it was built weaker)

Possibility #3Possibility #3Maybe…Invaders attacked and killed all Harappans

Maybe…Invaders attacked and killed all Harappans

-skeletons of men, women, & children have been found unburied

-skeletons of men, women, & children have been found unburied

-all skeletons had evidence of some type of injury

-all skeletons had evidence of some type of injury

http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html

http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html

Evidence of Lost Civilizations

Evidence of Lost Civilizations

•Have found writings of the Harappans but hasn’t been translated

•No records of political history

•No royal tombs

•Have found writings of the Harappans but hasn’t been translated

•No records of political history

•No royal tombs

•Found jewelry made of gold and lapis lazuli (blue stone)

•Found weapons and tools of stone, bronze, copper•Found stone seals

•Found jewelry made of gold and lapis lazuli (blue stone)

•Found weapons and tools of stone, bronze, copper•Found stone seals

Stone SealsStone Seals•Pictures of animals (tigers, elephants, rhinoceri, crocodiles – suggest jungle)•Lines of writing•Small hole – necklace•Found in Sumer•May have been used to mark

property

•Pictures of animals (tigers, elephants, rhinoceri, crocodiles – suggest jungle)•Lines of writing•Small hole – necklace•Found in Sumer•May have been used to mark

property

•Found clay models of animals

•Rattles•Dice•Toy carts with movable wheels

•Found clay models of animals

•Rattles•Dice•Toy carts with movable wheels

•This civilization began to change around 1700 B.C.

•This civilization began to change around 1700 B.C.•1200 B.C. – Aryans had taken over

•1200 B.C. – Aryans had taken over