Chapter 5: Cultures Clash Chapter 5: Cultures Clash on the Prairieon the Prairie

Remember: Indian Removal ActRemember: Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act of The Indian Removal Act of 18301830 was a was a law passed in order to facilitate the law passed in order to facilitate the relocation of relocation of American IndianAmerican Indian tribestribes living living east of the east of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River in the United in the United States to lands further west. States to lands further west.

The Removal Act, part of a U.S. The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.1 1830.1

Remember: Indian Removal ActRemember: Indian Removal Act

The Removal Act did not actually The Removal Act did not actually order the removal of any Native order the removal of any Native Americans. Americans.

Rather, it authorized the Rather, it authorized the President to negotiate land-President to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. existing U.S. states.

Remember: Louisiana PurchaseRemember: Louisiana Purchase In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the

United States had acquired a claim to a United States had acquired a claim to a vast amount of land west of the vast amount of land west of the Mississippi River. Mississippi River.

The Culture of the Plains IndiansThe Culture of the Plains Indians

Great PlainsGreat Plains– East: Osage & Iowa TribesEast: Osage & Iowa Tribes

Small villages, hunted, planted cropsSmall villages, hunted, planted crops

– West: Sioux and Cheyenne TribesWest: Sioux and Cheyenne Tribes Hunted buffalo & gathered wild foodHunted buffalo & gathered wild food

The Horse and BuffaloThe Horse and Buffalo– Horses increased mobility…led to war between Horses increased mobility…led to war between

tribestribes– Buffalo provided many basic needs and was Buffalo provided many basic needs and was

central to life on the Plainscentral to life on the Plains

Plains Indians: CulturePlains Indians: Culture

Family LifeFamily Life– Small extended family groupsSmall extended family groups– Men trained to become hunters & warriorsMen trained to become hunters & warriors– Killing enemies brought prestige & honorKilling enemies brought prestige & honor– Believed powerful spirits controlled natural Believed powerful spirits controlled natural

eventsevents– No individual was allowed to dominate No individual was allowed to dominate

group in leadership role; leaders of a tribe group in leadership role; leaders of a tribe ruled by counsel rather than forceruled by counsel rather than force

Settlers Push WestwardSettlers Push Westward

Native Americans did not believe people should Native Americans did not believe people should own landown land

Settlers believed that owning land, making a Settlers believed that owning land, making a mining claim, or starting a business would give mining claim, or starting a business would give them stake in the countrythem stake in the country

Lure of Silver & GoldLure of Silver & Gold

Discovery of gold Discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858in Colorado in 1858

Mining campsMining camps Brought Irish, Brought Irish,

German, Polish, German, Polish, Chinese, and Chinese, and African American African American menmen

Please take out:Please take out:

1.1. Chapter 5 Study GuideChapter 5 Study Guide2.2. Lecture Notes from last Lecture Notes from last

classclass

The Government Restricts The Government Restricts Native AmericansNative Americans

1834: fed gov’t passed an act = ENTIRE 1834: fed gov’t passed an act = ENTIRE Great Plains = 1 enormous reservation or Great Plains = 1 enormous reservation or land set aside for Native American tribes.land set aside for Native American tribes.

1850’s: 1850’s: policy changedpolicy changed and created and created treaties that defined specific boundaries treaties that defined specific boundaries for every tribe. for every tribe.

Result: Many tribes continued to hunt on Result: Many tribes continued to hunt on their traditional lands, clashing with their traditional lands, clashing with settlers and miners-with tragic resultsettlers and miners-with tragic result

Gov’t Restricts Native Gov’t Restricts Native Americans Cont.Americans Cont.

Massacre at Sand CreekMassacre at Sand Creek– 1864: Turn to page 204 in your book and read 1864: Turn to page 204 in your book and read

about the Massacre at Sand Creekabout the Massacre at Sand Creek Death on the Bozeman TrailDeath on the Bozeman Trail

– Bozeman Trail ran through Sioux hunting Bozeman Trail ran through Sioux hunting grounds in the Bighorn Mountains.grounds in the Bighorn Mountains.

– 1866: Crazy Horse ambushed Captain William 1866: Crazy Horse ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman and his company.J. Fetterman and his company.

– 80+ soldiers killed80+ soldiers killed

Results of the Deaths on the Results of the Deaths on the Bozeman TrailBozeman Trail

Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie– Sioux agreed to live on a reservation Sioux agreed to live on a reservation

along the Missouri River (forced on along the Missouri River (forced on Sioux)Sioux)

Sitting BullSitting Bull– Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux…never Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux…never

signed treatysigned treaty– Treaty of Fort Laramie provided only Treaty of Fort Laramie provided only

temporary halt to warfaretemporary halt to warfare

Bloody Battles ContinueBloody Battles Continue

Red River WarRed River War– 1874-18751874-1875

U.S. Army herded the people of friendly tribes onto U.S. Army herded the people of friendly tribes onto reservations while opening fire on all othersreservations while opening fire on all others

Gold Rush beginsGold Rush begins Custer’s Last StandCuster’s Last Stand

– Conflict with Sioux & Cheyenne…Custer Conflict with Sioux & Cheyenne…Custer coming to attack coming to attack

– Reached Little Bighorn River, Native Amer. Reached Little Bighorn River, Native Amer. Warriors ready for themWarriors ready for them

– Within an hour, Custer & all his men-deadWithin an hour, Custer & all his men-dead

The Gov’t Supports AssimilationThe Gov’t Supports Assimilation

Assimilation = a plan under which Assimilation = a plan under which Native Americans would give up their Native Americans would give up their beliefs & their way of life to become beliefs & their way of life to become part of the white culturepart of the white culture

Dawes ActDawes Act– 1887; aimed to “Americanize” Native 1887; aimed to “Americanize” Native

AmericansAmericans– Broke up reservations & gave pieces of Broke up reservations & gave pieces of

land to individual Native Americansland to individual Native Americans

The Gov’t Supports AssimilationThe Gov’t Supports Assimilation

By 1932, whites had taken about 2/3 By 1932, whites had taken about 2/3 of territory that had previously been of territory that had previously been set aside for Native Americansset aside for Native Americans

Cattle Become Big BusinessCattle Become Big Business

After the Civil War, demand for beef After the Civil War, demand for beef rose sharply in the growing rose sharply in the growing Eastern cities. Eastern cities.

Cowboys led thousands of animals on Cowboys led thousands of animals on the the long drivelong drive to Kansas, which took to Kansas, which took about three months. about three months. 

Herds grew too large, and Herds grew too large, and overgrazing and bad weather struck overgrazing and bad weather struck the Plains in the late 1880s. the Plains in the late 1880s.

Ranchers began to use Ranchers began to use barbed wirebarbed wire to fence in their land. to fence in their land.

The era of the open range and The era of the open range and cattle cattle drives ended.drives ended.    

Chapter 5/Section 2Chapter 5/Section 2Settling on the Great PlainsSettling on the Great Plains    

Key Idea Key Idea

The promise of The promise of

cheap, fertile land cheap, fertile land

draws settlers draws settlers

westward seeking westward seeking

Their fortunes asTheir fortunes as

farmers.farmers.    

    

Building the Building the transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad——stretching from East to West—helped stretching from East to West—helped promote settlement on the Plains. promote settlement on the Plains.

Irish and Chinese immigrants plus African Irish and Chinese immigrants plus African Americans and Mexican Americans did Americans and Mexican Americans did much of the back-breaking work. much of the back-breaking work.

In 1869, the two routes met in Utah, In 1869, the two routes met in Utah, completing the first transcontinental track.completing the first transcontinental track.

The railroads sold some of their land The railroads sold some of their land at low prices to farmers. at low prices to farmers.

Homestead Act: Homestead Act: – 160 acres to head of household160 acres to head of household

On one day in 1889, 2 million acres On one day in 1889, 2 million acres were claimed in Oklahoma. were claimed in Oklahoma.

The government also wanted to The government also wanted to preserve some wilderness. preserve some wilderness. – Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park.

The new settlers had to endure many hardships. The new settlers had to endure many hardships. – people built homes as dugouts in the sides of people built homes as dugouts in the sides of

hills or out of sod. hills or out of sod.  HomesteadersHomesteaders

– isolated and had to produce everything they isolated and had to produce everything they needed. needed.

Women Women – worked in the fields alongside menworked in the fields alongside men– Taught children before schoolsTaught children before schools– Made clothesMade clothes– Doctored family and animalsDoctored family and animals– Dug wells and hauled waterDug wells and hauled water    

Farmers Unite to Address Common Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems:Problems:

The farmers were plagued by The farmers were plagued by weather and debt. weather and debt. 

Machines cost money, which Machines cost money, which they had to borrow. they had to borrow. 

When grain prices fell, they When grain prices fell, they could not repay their loans. could not repay their loans.

They also resented how much They also resented how much they had to pay railroads to ship they had to pay railroads to ship their crops.their crops.    

Possible Answers to Possible Answers to B. Extended B. Extended ResponseResponse

Inventions increased farm productivity by Inventions increased farm productivity by decreasing the amount of time and effort decreasing the amount of time and effort needed to produce farm goods. needed to produce farm goods.

In order to purchase new machinery, In order to purchase new machinery, farmers went into debt, borrowing against farmers went into debt, borrowing against the value of their landthe value of their land

The new machinery encouraged farmers to The new machinery encouraged farmers to buy more land to cultivate.buy more land to cultivate.

The bigger farms grew, the more farmers’ The bigger farms grew, the more farmers’ debts increased.debts increased.

Answers to the quiz Answers to the quiz – B. People regarded paper money as worthless B. People regarded paper money as worthless

if it could not be turned in for gold or silver. if it could not be turned in for gold or silver. Because gold was more valuable than silver, Because gold was more valuable than silver, the gold standard would provide a more stable the gold standard would provide a more stable currency backed by both metals would be currency backed by both metals would be cheaper and more available. Farmers faced cheaper and more available. Farmers faced large debts and low crop prices. The gold large debts and low crop prices. The gold standard would make it more expensive for standard would make it more expensive for them to repay their debts and would keep them to repay their debts and would keep prices low. Bimetallism would make it cheaper prices low. Bimetallism would make it cheaper for them to repay their debs and would help to for them to repay their debs and would help to raise prices on goods. raise prices on goods.