Chapter 5 Civil Rights Cornell Notes I. Introduction Topic / Main Ideas Details A. Civil rights B....

ChapterChapter 5 Civil 5 Civil RightsRights

Cornell Notes

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

Topic / Main Topic / Main IdeasIdeas

DetailsDetails

A. Civil rightsA. Civil rights

B. Debates on B. Debates on inequality in inequality in AmericaAmerica

• are policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject are policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination.to discrimination.

• center on racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and center on racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and discrimination based on age, disability, sexual orientation, and discrimination based on age, disability, sexual orientation, and other factors.other factors.

II. Racial Equality: Two Centuries of StruggleII. Racial Equality: Two Centuries of Struggle


DetailsDetails

A. Conceptions of A. Conceptions of EqualityEquality

B. Early American B. Early American Views of EqualityViews of Equality

C. The Constitution C. The Constitution and Inequalityand Inequality

• Equality of opportunity: everyone should have the same Equality of opportunity: everyone should have the same chance.chance.

• Equal results or rewards: everyone should have the same Equal results or rewards: everyone should have the same rewards.rewards.

• Jefferson’s statement in the Declaration of Independence Jefferson’s statement in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal” did not mean that he that “all men are created equal” did not mean that he thought there were no differences among people.thought there were no differences among people.

• Women’s rights received even less attention than did Women’s rights received even less attention than did slavery at the Convention.slavery at the Convention.

• The Fourteenth Amendment provides for equal protection The Fourteenth Amendment provides for equal protection of the laws, resulting in expansive constitutional of the laws, resulting in expansive constitutional interpretation.interpretation.

II. Racial Equality: Two Centuries of StruggleII. Racial Equality: Two Centuries of Struggle

Summary:_______________________________________________________Summary:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Question A Question A 1. Policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination are 1. Policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination are known as ________________________known as ________________________

2. The concept that everyone should have the same chance is called equality of 2. The concept that everyone should have the same chance is called equality of __________________________

Question B Thomas Jefferson, who wrote in the Declaration of Independence “We hold Question B Thomas Jefferson, who wrote in the Declaration of Independence “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal,” believedthese truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal,” believedA) that blacks were genetically inferior to whites.A) that blacks were genetically inferior to whites.B) that there were no differences among human beings.B) that there were no differences among human beings.

Question C The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to Question C The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyoneanyoneA) the right to vote on the basis of race.A) the right to vote on the basis of race.B) equal protection of the laws.B) equal protection of the laws.

III. Race, the Constitution, and Public PolicyIII. Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy


DetailsDetails

A. The Era of A. The Era of SlaverySlavery

B. The Era of B. The Era of Reconstruction Reconstruction and and ResegregationResegregation

C. The Era of Civil C. The Era of Civil RightsRights

• Scott v. Sandford (1857) upheld slavery.Scott v. Sandford (1857) upheld slavery.

• The Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery.The Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery.

• Jim Crow laws (segregation laws) established in the South.Jim Crow laws (segregation laws) established in the South.

• Plessy v. Ferguson justified segregation through the "equal but Plessy v. Ferguson justified segregation through the "equal but separate“ doctrine.separate“ doctrine.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy and ended legal segregation.ended legal segregation.

• The civil rights movement organized to end the policies and The civil rights movement organized to end the policies and practice of segregation.practice of segregation.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made racial discrimination illegal in The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made racial discrimination illegal in placesplaces

of public accommodation and in employment.of public accommodation and in employment.


Topic / Main IdeasTopic / Main Ideas DetailsDetailsD. Getting and Using the Right D. Getting and Using the Right to Voteto Vote

E. Other Minority GroupsE. Other Minority Groups

1. Native Americans1. Native Americans

2. Hispanic Americans2. Hispanic Americans

• Suffrage was guaranteed to African Americans by Suffrage was guaranteed to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.

• Southern practices to deny African American Southern practices to deny African American suffrage (literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll suffrage (literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes, and the White primary) were gradually struck taxes, and the White primary) were gradually struck down by the Supreme Court and the Twenty fourth down by the Supreme Court and the Twenty fourth Amendment.Amendment.

• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited any The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited any government from using voting procedures that government from using voting procedures that denied a person the vote on the basis of race or denied a person the vote on the basis of race or color.color.

• The oldest minority group in America, but they were The oldest minority group in America, but they were not made U.S. citizens until 1924.not made U.S. citizens until 1924.

• Have displaced African Americans as the largest Have displaced African Americans as the largest minority group, comprising about 13 percent of the minority group, comprising about 13 percent of the U.S. population.U.S. population.


Topic / Main IdeasTopic / Main Ideas DetailsDetails3. Asian Americans:3. Asian Americans:

4. Other Groups4. Other Groups

• a. The fastest growing minority group, they now a. The fastest growing minority group, they now comprise four percent of the U.S. population.comprise four percent of the U.S. population.

• b. During World War II, the U.S. government b. During World War II, the U.S. government rounded up more than 100,000 Americans of rounded up more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent and placed them in internment Japanese descent and placed them in internment encampments known as “war relocation centers.”encampments known as “war relocation centers.”

• c. The Supreme Court upheld the internment as c. The Supreme Court upheld the internment as constitutional in Korematsu v. United States (1944), constitutional in Korematsu v. United States (1944), but Congress later provided benefits for the former but Congress later provided benefits for the former internees (which still have not been distributed).internees (which still have not been distributed).

• a. There are more than 1.2 million persons of Arab a. There are more than 1.2 million persons of Arab ancestry in the United States.ancestry in the United States.

III. Race, the Constitution, and Public PolicyIII. Race, the Constitution, and Public PolicyQuestion A Question A 1. In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the United States Supreme Court1. In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the United States Supreme CourtA) ruled that all adult African-American men had a right to vote under the Constitution.A) ruled that all adult African-American men had a right to vote under the Constitution.B) ruled that a black man, slave or free, was “chattel,” and upheld slavery itself asB) ruled that a black man, slave or free, was “chattel,” and upheld slavery itself asconstitutional.constitutional.

2. Slavery was declared unconstitutional by the_________2. Slavery was declared unconstitutional by the_________

Question B Question B 1. Jim Crow laws1. Jim Crow lawsA) imposed legal segregation on African Americans in the South after the Civil War.A) imposed legal segregation on African Americans in the South after the Civil War.B) were an attempt to reimpose slavery in the South after the Civil War.B) were an attempt to reimpose slavery in the South after the Civil War.

2. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson,2. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson,A) housing discrimination was forbidden.A) housing discrimination was forbidden.B) the principle of “separate but equal” was used to justify segregation.B) the principle of “separate but equal” was used to justify segregation.

Question C Question C The Brown v. Board of Education decision overturned the Supreme Court’s 1896 ruling in __

Question D The Civil Rights Act of 1964Question D The Civil Rights Act of 1964A) guaranteed minority groups the right to vote.A) guaranteed minority groups the right to vote.B) guaranteed equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.B) guaranteed equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.

Question E In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme CourtQuestion E In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme CourtA) ruled that the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement A) ruled that the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement inin internment camps during World War II was barbaric and unconstitutional.internment camps during World War II was barbaric and unconstitutional.D) upheld the constitutionality of the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coastD) upheld the constitutionality of the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II.and their placement in internment camps during World War II.

IV. Women, the Constitution, and Public PolicyIV. Women, the Constitution, and Public Policy

Topic / Main IdeasTopic / Main Ideas DetailsDetailsA. The Battle for the VoteA. The Battle for the Vote

B. The "Doldrums": 1920-B. The "Doldrums": 1920-19601960

C. The Second Feminist C. The Second Feminist WaveWave

D. Women in the WorkplaceD. Women in the Workplace

E. Wage Discrimination and E. Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth:Comparable Worth:

• the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.to vote.

• Public policy toward women was dominated by Public policy toward women was dominated by protectionism.protectionism.

• The Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced The Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1923.in Congress in 1923.

• Reed v. Reed (1971) ruled that any "arbitrary" sex-Reed v. Reed (1971) ruled that any "arbitrary" sex-based classification violated the Fourteenth based classification violated the Fourteenth Amendment.Amendment.

• Craig v. Boren (1976) established a "medium Craig v. Boren (1976) established a "medium scrutiny" standard.scrutiny" standard.

• Congressional acts and Supreme Court decisions Congressional acts and Supreme Court decisions havehave

reduced sex discrimination in employment and reduced sex discrimination in employment and business activity.business activity.

• Women should receive equal pay for jobs of Women should receive equal pay for jobs of "comparable worth.""comparable worth."



DetailsDetails

F. Women in the F. Women in the MilitaryMilitary

G. Sexual G. Sexual HarassmentHarassment

• Only men must register for the draft.Only men must register for the draft.

• Statutes and regulations prohibit women from serving in Statutes and regulations prohibit women from serving in combat.combat.

• The Supreme Court has ruled that sexual harassment that is The Supreme Court has ruled that sexual harassment that is so pervasive as to create a hostile or abusive work so pervasive as to create a hostile or abusive work environment is a form of sex discrimination.environment is a form of sex discrimination.


Summary:_______________________________________________________Summary:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Question AQuestion AQuestion BQuestion BQuestion CQuestion CQuestion DQuestion DQuestion EQuestion EQuestion FQuestion FQuestion GQuestion G

V. Newly Active Groups Under the Civil Rights Umbrella)V. Newly Active Groups Under the Civil Rights Umbrella)


DetailsDetails

A. Civil Rights and A. Civil Rights and the Graying of the Graying of AmericaAmerica

B. Civil Rights and B. Civil Rights and People with People with DisabilitiesDisabilities

C. Gay and C. Gay and Lesbian RightsLesbian Rights

• People in their eighties comprise the fastest growing age People in their eighties comprise the fastest growing age group in this country.group in this country.

• Since 1967, Congress has passed several laws that ban Since 1967, Congress has passed several laws that ban various types of age discrimination.various types of age discrimination.

• It is not clear what the fate of the gray liberation movement It is not clear what the fate of the gray liberation movement will be as its members approach the status of a minority will be as its members approach the status of a minority majority.majority.

• :the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 required :the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 required employers and public facilities to make reasonable employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations and prohibited employment discrimination accommodations and prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled.against the disabled.

• Homosexual activity is illegal in some states, and Homosexual activity is illegal in some states, and homosexuals often face prejudice in hiring, education, access homosexuals often face prejudice in hiring, education, access to public accommodations, and housing.to public accommodations, and housing.

• Homophobia (fear and hatred of homosexuals) has many Homophobia (fear and hatred of homosexuals) has many causes, and homosexuals are often seen as safe targets for causes, and homosexuals are often seen as safe targets for public hostility.public hostility.

V. Newly Active Groups Under the Civil Rights Umbrella)V. Newly Active Groups Under the Civil Rights Umbrella)

Summary:_______________________________________________________Summary:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Question AQuestion AQuestion BQuestion BQuestion CQuestion C

VI. Affirmative ActionVI. Affirmative Action


DetailsDetails

A. Affirmative actionA. Affirmative action

B. In Regents of the B. In Regents of the University of University of California v. Bakke California v. Bakke (1978)(1978)

C. The CourtsC. The Courts

D. In Adarand D. In Adarand Constructors v. Peña Constructors v. Peña (1995)(1995)

E. OpponentsE. Opponents

• involves efforts to bring about increased employment, involves efforts to bring about increased employment, promotion, or admission for members of groups that have promotion, or admission for members of groups that have suffered invidious discrimination.suffered invidious discrimination.

• the Court ruled against the practice of setting aside a quota the Court ruled against the practice of setting aside a quota of spots for particular groups.of spots for particular groups.

• have been more deferential to Congress than to local have been more deferential to Congress than to local government in upholding affirmative action programs.government in upholding affirmative action programs.

• the Court ruled that federal programs that classify people by the Court ruled that federal programs that classify people by race are constitutional only if they are "narrowly tailored“ to race are constitutional only if they are "narrowly tailored“ to accomplish a "compelling governmental interest."accomplish a "compelling governmental interest."

• view affirmative action as reverse discrimination.view affirmative action as reverse discrimination.

VI. Affirmative ActionVI. Affirmative Action

Summary:_______________________________________________________Summary:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Question AQuestion AQuestion BQuestion BQuestion CQuestion CQuestion DQuestion DQuestion EQuestion E

VII. Understanding Civil Liberties and the ConstitutionVII. Understanding Civil Liberties and the Constitution


DetailsDetails

A. Civil Rights A. Civil Rights and Democracyand Democracy

B. Civil Rights B. Civil Rights and the Scope of and the Scope of GovernmentGovernment

• Equality tends to favor majority rule, but equality threatens Equality tends to favor majority rule, but equality threatens individual liberty in situations where the majority wants to individual liberty in situations where the majority wants to deprive the minority of its rights.deprive the minority of its rights.

• Majority rule is not the only threat to liberty: minorities have Majority rule is not the only threat to liberty: minorities have suppressed majorities as well as other minorities.suppressed majorities as well as other minorities.

• Even when they lacked the power of the vote, both African Even when they lacked the power of the vote, both African Americans and women made many gains by using other rights Americans and women made many gains by using other rights (such as the First Amendment freedoms) to fight for equality.(such as the First Amendment freedoms) to fight for equality.

• Civil rights laws increase the scope and power of government.Civil rights laws increase the scope and power of government.

• These laws place both restrictions and obligations on These laws place both restrictions and obligations on individuals and institutions—they tell individuals and individuals and institutions—they tell individuals and institutions that there are things they must do and other institutions that there are things they must do and other things they cannot do.things they cannot do.

• Libertarians and those conservatives who want to reduce the Libertarians and those conservatives who want to reduce the size of government are uneasy with these laws (and size of government are uneasy with these laws (and sometimes hostile to them).sometimes hostile to them).

• Civil rights is an area in which increased government activity Civil rights is an area in which increased government activity in protecting basic rights can lead to greater checks on the in protecting basic rights can lead to greater checks on the government by those who benefit from such protections.government by those who benefit from such protections.

Chapter 5 Civil Rights Cornell Notes I. Introduction Topic / Main Ideas Details A. Civil rights B....

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