CHAPTER 5 AN ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LABOUR WELFARE...

Chapter Five

231

CHAPTER 5

AN ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LABOUR WELFARE SCHEMES ON

THE EFFICIENCY AND SATISFACTION LEVELS OF

WORKERS IN INDIAN RAILWAYS

5.1 Introduction

After dealing with the Labour Welfare amenities in Indian Railways since 1991in the

previous chapter, the researcher now tries to analyze the effectivity of these amenities

on workers and their satisfaction levels.

The present chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of survey

conducted by the researcher. In this present chapter the data gathered from the

railways employees to test the hypothesis which framed in the order of the

satisfaction, efficiency, effectiveness in the employees resultant from labour welfare

to determine whether the Railway employees are satisfied with the labour welfare

amenities; Fringe benefits etc; and there any job satisfaction among the workers of

Indian Railways. This chapter discusses the results of the survey and interview

responded by 500 respondents in the said locale of the study.

The method intended to depiction the hypothesis to analysis through a

widespread study. It has been carrying out to depict the opinion and level of

satisfaction about various aspects of labour welfare measures in Indian Railways. The

research methodology adopts to test the hypothesis have been raised over which the

satisfaction of employees of Indian Railways. The elements of the survey are detailed

below:

Chapter Five

232

Universe

The term universe refers to the total of all the items and all units in any field of

enquiry. Whereas the term population refers to the total of items about which

information is desired. Population or universe is the aggregate of all units possessing

certain specified characteristics on which the sample seeks to draw inferences. In this

study universe, represents the population accessible for survey has been so large i.e.,

there are 13 million employees in Indian Railways. Therefore it could not be possible

to include in the universe all those personnel who are engage in Indian Railways.

Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population. Since the total

population of employees in Indian Railways had been very huge that is why

researcher with consultation on decided upon the sample size of 500 employees which

were chosen from various levels by following the technique of simple random

sampling.

Simple random sampling was done for the sample selection. This sampling

method is conducted where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to

become part of the sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of

becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling

procedure. In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher defined the

population first, listed down all the members of the population and then selected

members to make the sample.

Chapter Five

233

Questionnaire

This investigation has been accomplished with the help of the questionnaire

which is placed as Appendix I to this study.

Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large

number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of

reviewers large enough to allow statistical analysis of the results. A well-designed

questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall

performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the

system. If the questionnaire includes demographic questions on the participants, they

can be used to correlate performance and satisfaction with the test system among

different groups of users. The design and structure of the questionnaire has been easy,

study-specific, clear and able to cite sort of objective type reply through marking a

tick only. The questionnaire encloses questions which concerned to draw out

information about the awareness of the population that have direct actions on the

hypothesis of the study.

The questionnaire has been divided two main sections, section one contains

demographic information of the employees and has seven questions requiring answer

to be ticked in boxes, for the better understanding of respondents.

Section two puts all questions in the three groups; question in the first group

seek to find out insight of the respondents with view to the effectiveness of Labour

Welfare Measures; second group contains all questions with detect to the Satisfaction

of Fringe Benefits; third groups put all question contains with regard to the Human

Resources Policies regarding Job Satisfaction to explores the perceptions of

employees on level of satisfaction in Indian Railways. The questions has structure by

Chapter Five

234

using the Likert format against every question in each of the three groups, five options

of answer are given viz: Highly Dissatisfied; Dissatisfied; Nuclear; Satisfied; Highly

Satisfied. The choices represent the degree of agreement each respondent has on the

given question.

Each respondent is required to tick the option that represents the perception

most truly and faithfully.

Questionnaire, at the beginning, mentions clear-cut instruction to the

respondents for filling up the questionnaire appropriately this assisted in providing

encourage in marking the respond and make sure entire of filling the questionnaire

completely.

Administration of Questionnaire

Direct Personal Investigation has consequently, been not practicable since it

was away from the capability of the researcher, to personally go to the information as

well as managed the questionnaire to gather the needed information through

interrogate on the spot. The population of the investigation which consisted of the

Railways employees is spread over the country of India in its different cities; however

researcher gathered the information especially from Northern Railways Zone.

Mailing the questionnaire method has therefore, been adopted for

administrating the schedule of questions. The questionnaire was mailed along with the

covering letter to the informant by post. The covering letter highlighted the need and

usefulness of the information assured the information supplied, shall be kept

confidential and requested for the homely cooperation of the informants. The

respondents were requested to deliver the necessary information by return of post, the

Chapter Five

235

questionnaire consisting of 26 questions covering the aspects of employee welfare

was given and responses obtained were analyzed. The questionnaire consisted of

closed ended questions except one wherein suggestions of the employees regarding

improvements were asked.

5.2 Analysis of Collection Data

The information collected by means of the questionnaire from the respondents has

been processed and examining for testing the hypothesis. The collected data and its

analysis are presented below. The details of the questionnaire are as under.

5.2.1 Section A

Demographic Details of the Respondents

The descriptive analysis was used to get frequencies and percentage to analyze

the number and percentage of respondents to each question in the questionnaire.

Characteristics of Respondents

The following tables review the result of descriptive analysis:

1) Age

Table 5.1

Classification based on the Age of the Respondents

Age No. of the Respondents Percentage

Below 35 years 138 27.6

36-45 191 38.2

Above 46 years 171 34.2

Total 500 100

In

F

ca

34

ar

nference:

rom the abo

ategory of b

4.2% of the

re exhibit in

ove table it

below35 Ye

respondents

figure 5.1.

Classific

is inferred

ears, 38.2%

s come unde

cation based

236

that 27.6%

of the resp

er the catego

Figure: 5.1

d on the Age

of the resp

pondents fal

ory of above

e of the Resp

pondents com

lls under 36

e 46 Years. T

pondents

Chapter Fiv

me under th

6-45 Yrs an

These findin

ve

he

nd

ng

2) G

In

F

ar

Gender

Sam

nference:

rom the abo

re female. T

Gen

Ma

Fem

To

mple Classif

ove table it i

hese finding

Classificat

nder

ale

male

otal

fication bas

s inferred th

g are exhibit

tion based o

No. of

237

Table: 5.2

sed on the G

hat 69.6% of

in figure 5.2

Figure: 5.2

on the Gend

f the Respon

348

152

500

Gender of th

f the respond

2.

der of the Re

ndents

he Responde

dents are ma

espondents

Perce

69

30

10

Chapter Fiv

ents

ale and 30.4%

ntage

9.6

0.4

00

ve

%

3) D

In

th

2

T

Designation

Samp

nference:

From

he category

8.8% of the

These finding

C

Desig

Off

Tech

Cler

To

ple Classific

the above ta

of official p

respondents

g are exhibit

Classification

nation

ficial

hnical

rical

otal

cation based

able it is inf

post, 38.6%

s come under

in figure 5.3

n based on

No. of

238

Table 5.3

d on the Des

ferred that 3

of the respo

r the categor

3.

Figure: 5.3

the Designa

f the Respon

163

193

144

500

signation of

2.6% of the

ondents falls

ry of clerica

ation of the

ndents

the Respon

e respondent

under techn

l post in Ind

Responden

Perce

32

38

28

10

Chapter Fiv

ndents

ts come unde

nical post an

dian Railway

ts

entage

2.6

8.6

8.8

00

ve

er

nd

ys.

4) E

In

ca

o

R

Experience

C

nference:

From

ategory of b

f the respon

Railways. Th

C

Exper

Below

11

Above 2

To

Classificatio

the above ta

below 10 Yrs

ndents come

hese finding

Classificatio

rience

10 years

-20

21 years

otal

on based on

able it is infe

s, 38.4% of

under the c

are exhibit i

on based on

No. of

239

Table: 5.4

n the Experi

erred that 27

the responde

category of a

in figure 5.4

Figure 5.4

the Experie

f the Respon

135

192

173

500

ience of the

7% of the res

ents falls un

above 21Yr

4

ence of the R

ndents

Responden

spondents co

nder 11-20 Y

s of experie

Respondent

Perce

2

38

34

10

Chapter Fiv

nt

ome under th

Yrs and 34.6%

ence in India

ts

entage

27

8.4

4.6

00

ve

he

%

an

5) P

In

th

2

p

Personal Inc

Cla

nference:

From

he category

5000/-and 4

ersonal inco

Cla

Persona

Less than

10000-2

Above

To

come

ssification b

the above ta

of less than

42% of the

ome of Railw

ssification b

l income

n 10000/-

25000/-

25000/-

otal

based on the

able it is inf

n 10000/- is

respondents

ways employ

based on the

No. of

240

Table: 5.5

e Personal I

ferred that 2

s 35.8% of

s come unde

yees. These f

Figure: 5.5

e Personal I

f the Respon

111

179

210

500

Income of th

22.2% of the

f the respon

er the categ

finding are e

5

Income of th

ndents

he Respond

e respondent

ndents falls u

gory of abov

xhibit in figu

he Respond

Perce

22

35

4

10

Chapter Fiv

ents

ts come unde

under 10000

ve 25000/- o

ure 5.5.

ents

entage

2.2

5.8

2

00

ve

er

0-

of

6) F

In

th

fa

Family Size

C

nference:

From

he category o

amily memb

C

Family m

Belo

Abo

To

Classificatio

the above ta

of below 5 f

bers of Railw

Classificatio

members

ow 5

ove 5

otal

n based on

able it is inf

family memb

ways. These f

n based on

No. of

241

Table: 5.6

the Family

ferred that 4

bers 52.2% o

finding are e

Figure: 5.6

the Family

f the Respon

239

261

500

Size of the R

47.8% of the

of the respon

exhibit in fig

6

Size of the R

ndents

Respondent

e respondent

ndents falls u

gure 5.6.

Respondent

Perce

47

52

10

Chapter Fiv

ts

ts come unde

under above

ts

entage

7.8

2.2

00

ve

er

5

Chapter Five

242

5.2.2 Section B

This part of the survey aims to find out the basic facilities provided to the Railway

employees and to judge their satisfaction level.

First group: “Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways are effective”

Seeing that in table 5.7, the frequency and percentage of respondent related to the first

group (Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways)

Table 5.7

Frequency and percent for the group first

(Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways)

S.No Phrases Highly

dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Highly satisfied

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

1

Are you satisfied with the residential accommodation facilities, provided by the Indian Railways?

37 7.4 67 13.4 58 11.6 186 37.2 152 30.4

2 Are you satisfied with the medical facilities rendered to you by the Indian Railways?

34 6.8 52 10.4 64 12.8 227 45.4 123 24.6

3 Are you satisfied with the canteen facilities available in your Indian Railways zone?

52 10.4 69 13.8 42 8.4 209 41.8 128 25.6

4 Are you satisfied with the welfare benefits available? 47 9.4 86 17.2 70 14 158 31.6 139 27.8

5 Are you satisfied with the Staff Benefit Fund provided in your Railway zones?

25 5 76 15.2 97 19.4 163 32.6 139 27.8

6 Are you satisfied with the recreational facilities provided by the Indian Railways?

50 10 71 14.2 74 14.8 184 36.8 121 24.2

7 Are you satisfied with the Transport facilities provided by Indian Railways?

54 10.8 70 14 67 13.4 173 34.6 136 27.2

8

Are you satisfied with the educational facilities provided by the Indian Railways for your children?

41 8.2 104 20.8 45 9 199 39.8 111 22.2

9 Are you satisfied with the Holiday Homes available by the Indian Railways?

54 10.8 50 10 86 17.2 203 40.6 107 21.4

10

Are you satisfied with the Training and Development programmes which are provided by the Indian Railways?

65 13 81 16.2 75 15 157 31.4 122 24.4

11 Are you satisfied with the retirement benefits, which are provided by the Indian Railways?

47 9.4 52 10.4 98 19.6 176 35.2 127 25.4

12 Mention your overall satisfaction level regarding your labour welfare amenities.

70 14 55 11 59 11.8 170 34 146 29.2

F

o

re

S

la

In

m

N

500

rom the abo

f effectivene

espectively.

o as to in ge

abour. These

Ef

n the order

measures in I

De

Labo

Minim

25

ove table 5.8

ess of labour

eneral Railw

e finding are

ffectiveness

of all the re

Indian Railw

escriptive st

our Welfare

mum Ma

, it clearly re

r welfare me

way employe

exhibit in ch

of labour w

esponses we

ways are effe

243

Table 5.8

tatistic of ef

Measures f

aximum

54

eveals that th

easures for e

ees supposed

hart 5.1.

Chart 5.1

welfare mea

ere in the p

ective. In oth

ffectiveness

for whole sa

Mean

42.71

he mean sco

entire respon

d that they h

asures in Ind

ositive favo

her word rese

of

ample

ore and stand

ndents are 42

have effectiv

dian Railwa

or that the la

earcher says

Chapter Fiv

Standard deviation

5.25

dard deviatio

2.71 and 5.2

veness in the

ays

abour welfar

s that many o

ve

on

25

eir

re

of

Chapter Five

244

the railways employees are satisfied with the labour welfare measures in Indian

Railways.

Second group: Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe

Benefits.

Seeing that in table 5.9, the frequency and percentage of respondent associated

to the second group (satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various

Fringe Benefits).

Table 5.9

Frequency and percent for the group second (Satisfaction of the Indian

Railways employees towards various Fringe Benefits)

S. No Phrases Highly dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Highly

satisfied


13

Are you satisfied with Overtime pay available in Indian Railways?

79 15.8 74 14.8 64 12.8 166 33.2 117 23.4

14

Are you satisfied with Medical leave with pay in Indian Railways?

72 14.4 66 13.2 73 14.6 165 33 124 24.8

15

Are you really satisfied with Bonus for quality and attendance?

62 12.4 69 13.8 80 16 171 34.2 118 23.6

16 Are you happy with Leave with pay? 62 12.4 86 17.2 64 12.8 154 30.8 134 26.8

17 Are you satisfied with Paid holidays in Indian Railways?

76 15.2 62 12.4 87 17.4 129 25.8 146 29.2

18 Are you motivated with Employee counseling?

71 14.2 81 16.2 76 15.2 165 33 107 21.4

19

Are you satisfied with Provident fund provided by the Indian Railways?

75 15 83 16.6 56 11.2 141 28.2 145 29

F

d

ar

W

sa

ch

N

500

rom the ab

eviation of s

re 23.716 an

With the int

atisfaction to

hart 5.2.

Sa

D

Minim

12

bove table 5

satisfaction

nd 3.63287 re

tention of

oward fring

atisfaction o

Descriptive sFringe Ben

mum Ma

5.10, it clea

of fringe be

espectively.

Railway em

ge benefit in

of Fringe Be

245

Table 5.10

statistic of snefits for wh

aximum

32

arly reveals

enefits in Ind

mployees ge

n Indian Rai

Chart 5.2

enefits in Ind

atisfaction ohole sample

Mean

23.716

that the m

dian Railway

enerally und

ilways. The

dian Railwa

of

mean score

ys for whole

derstood tha

ese finding a

ays employe

Chapter Fiv

Standard deviation

3.63287

and standar

e responden

at they hav

are exhibit i

ees

ve

rd

nts

ve

in

Chapter Five

246

The graph above clearly defines that the satisfaction of the Indian Railways

employees towards various Fringe Benefits is highly favored amongst all the

respondents as the mainstream of the responses highly satisfied with the declaration

supporting the presence of the satisfaction of Indian Railways employees towards

various Fringe Benefits.

Third group: Human Resource Policies regarding Job Satisfaction in Indian

Railways.

Seeing that in table 5.11, the frequency and percentage of respondent

associated to the third group (Human resource policies regarding job satisfaction are

effective in Indian Railways).

Chapter Five

247

Table 5.11

Frequency and percent for the group third

(Human resource policies regarding job satisfaction in Indian Railways)

S.No Phrases Highly

dissatisfiedDissatisfie

d Neutral Satisfied Highly satisfied


20 Do you feel secure about your job? 63 12.6 63 12.6 74 14.8 150 30 150 30

21

Do you enjoy cordial relation with your team members at your work place?

75 15 63 12.6 62 12.4 144 28.8 156 31.2

22 Are you satisfied with your salary package? 64 12.8 87 17.4 80 16 153 30.6 116 23.2

23 Does the Indian Railways co-operate and help you at any emergency time?

57 11.4 67 13.4 82 16.4 164 32.8 130 26

24 Your overall opinion toward your job. 77 15.4 60 12 83 16.6 148 29.6 132 26.4

25

Are you satisfied with the following factors? Social climate, Political climate, Economic climate and Industrial climate

56 11.2 66 13.2 97 19.4 160 32 121 24.2

26 Are you satisfied that your Railways’ welfare officer visits you regularly?

60 12 70 14 96 19.2 141 28.2 133 26.6

Table 5.12

Descriptive statistics of Human resource policies regarding job satisfaction in Indian Railways for whole sample.

N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation

500 12 33 24.112 3.59406

From the above table 5.12, it clearly reveals that the mean score and standard

deviation of Human resource policies regarding job satisfaction are effective in Indian

R

th

ef

p

m

R

Railways are

hat strongly

ffective in In

Human

Appro

olicies rega

majority of th

Railways.

24.1120 an

believed tha

ndian Railwa

n resource p

oximately a

arding job s

he responde

nd 3.59406 r

at the Huma

ays. These fi

policies rega

all the resp

satisfaction

nts are satis

248

respectively.

an resource p

finding are ex

Chart 5.3

arding job s

onses show

are effectiv

sfied with th

To facilitat

policies rega

xhibit in cha

atisfaction i

wed that the

ve in Indian

he labour we

te the Railwa

arding job sa

art 5.3.

in Indian R

ere are hum

n Railways

elfare ameni

Chapter Fiv

ay employee

atisfaction ar

Railways

man resourc

as well. Th

ities in India

ve

es

re

ce

he

an

5

In

L

qu

w

em

re

m

th

re

*M

T

ta

5.2.3 Test

n order to de

Labour Welfa

Mean

uestions in

which respon

mployee res

esponses to

mean of the

han (3), the

esult is highe

Mean of the

The finding a

able 5.13.

ting the hy

etermine wh

are facilities

and standar

all three gr

nded to each

ponded posi

each questi

scale (3)* w

responses w

er than (3), t

e Scale

and statistica

ypothesis

ether every e

in Indian R

rd deviation

roups in the

h question w

itively to eac

on has been

was use as a

will not be

the result wil

al analysis f

249

employee ha

ailways.

were used to

questionnai

was exposed

ch question o

n taken from

a standard fo

relevant in

ll be pertinen

for this surve

as or does no

o depict outl

ire. As well

d. In order t

or not, this w

m each empl

or decision.

Indian Railw

nt.

ey are demo

ot have satis

look of the s

l, numbers o

to find out

will get by th

loyee. Follo

As a result,

ways’ welfa

onstrated in

Chapter Fiv

sfaction of th

ample towar

of employee

whether eac

he mean of a

wing that th

if it is lowe

are; but if th

the followin

ve

he

rd

es

ch

all

he

er

he

ng

Chapter Five

250

Table 5.13

Finding and Statistical Analysis for different group of study

S. no Questions Mean Standard Deviation Variance

First Group: Labour Welfare Measures in Indian Railways

1 Are you satisfied with the residential accommodation facilities, provided by the Indian Railways? 3.70 1.238 1.534

2 Are you satisfied with the medical facilities rendered to you by the Indian Railways? 3.71 1.148 1.318

3 Are you satisfied with the canteen facilities available in your Indian Railway zones? 3.58 1.288 1.658

4 Are you satisfied with the welfare benefits available? 3.51 1.31 1.717

5 Are you satisfied with the Staff Benefit Fund provided in your Railways zone? 3.63 1.181 1.396

6 Are you satisfied with the recreational facilities provided by the Indian Railways? 3.51 1.273 1.621

7 Are you satisfied with the Transport facilities provided by Indian Railways? 3.53 1.313 1.724

8 Are you satisfied with the educational facilities provided by the Indian Railways for your children? 3.47 1.267 1.604

9 Are you satisfied with the Holiday Homes available by the Indian Railways? 3.52 1.236 1.529

10 Are you satisfied with the Training and Development programmes which are provided by the Indian Railways?

3.38 1.353 1.831

11 Are you satisfied with the retirement benefits, which are provided by the Indian Railways? 3.57 1.236 1.528

12 Mention your overall satisfaction level regarding your labour welfare amenities 3.53 1.377 1.897

Second Group: Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe Benefits

13 Are you satisfied with Overtime pay available in Indian Railways? 3.34 1.392 1.939

14 Are you satisfied with Medical leave with pay in Indian Railways? 3.41 1.367 1.869

15 Are you really satisfied with Bonus for quality and attendance? 3.43 1.319 1.74

16 Are you happy with Leave with pay? 3.42 1.368 1.872

17 Are you satisfied with Paid holidays in Indian Railways? 3.41 1.411 1.991

18 Are you motivated with Employee counseling? 3.31 1.35 1.822

Chapter Five

251

19 Are you satisfied with Provident fund provided by the Indian Railways? 3.40 1.434 2.055

Third Group: Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction in Indian Railways

20 Do you feel secure about your job? 3.52 1.364272 1.861238

21 Do you enjoy cordial relation with your team members at your work place? 3.48 1.424733 2.029864

22 Are you satisfied with your salary package? 3.34 1.344625 1.808016

23 Does the Indian Railways co-operate and help you at any emergency time? 3.48 1.313489 1.725255

24 Your overall opinion toward your job. 3.39 1.391062 1.935054

25 Are you satisfied with the following factors? Social climate, Political climate, Economic climate and Industrial climate

3.44 1.292531 1.670637

26 Are you satisfied that your Railways’ welfare office visits you regularly? 3.43 1.334618 1.781206

In general, as revealed in table 5.13, it was found that there were positive

attitudes toward all questions but with different figures of means and their standard

deviation. This means if it is lower than (3), the responses will not be relevant in

Indian Railways; but if the result is higher than (3), the result will be pertinent

First group: “Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways.”

As revealed in table 5.13, there exists a positive attitude in the respondents toward the

above question because their mean were higher than the mean of the scale (3), but in

different percentage.

The statement with the highest mean was (3.71) in statement number (2)

which said “ Labour welfare measures in Indian railways”, which means all the

respondents are fully satisfied with the medical facilities provided by the Indian

Railways. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.38) in statement number (10)

Chapter Five

252

which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the training and

development programme to enhance capability of their employees provided by the

Indian Railways.

Second group: “Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various

Fringe Benefits.”

As revealed in table 5.13, there exists a positive attitude in the respondents

toward the above question because their mean were higher than the mean of the scale

(3), but in different percentages.

The statement with the highest mean in the group is statement number (15)

which says, “Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe

Benefits” where its mean was (3.43), which means railways employees are highly

satisfied with the fringe benefit of getting bonus for quality and attendance provided

by the Indian Railways. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.31) in statement

number (18) which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the

employees counseling provided by the Indian Railways.

Third group: “Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction in Indian

Railways.”

As shown in table 5.13, there exists a positive attitude in the respondents

toward the above question because their mean were lower than the mean of the scale

(3), but in different percentages.

The statement with the highest mean in the group is (20) in statement number,

which says, “Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction in Indian Railways”

where it’s mean was (3.52), which means Indian Railways serve job security at

Chapter Five

253

highest level. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.34) in statement number

(22) which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the salary package

provided by the Indian Railways.

5.2.4 Result of the Study

Hypothesis 1

H0: Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways are not effective.

H01: Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways are effective.

In order to Test the hypotheses, one sample Z-test is applied because samples are

large and its subscale has 12 items the mean score of this subscale compared to the

score of the neutral value (12 x 3 = 36).

The term Z-test is often used to refer specifically to the one-sample location

test comparing the mean of a set of measurements to a given constant. If the observed

data X1... Xn are (i) uncorrelated, (ii) have a common mean µ and (iii) have a common

variance σ2and then the sample average X has mean µ and variance n/2σ . If our

null hypothesis is that the mean value of the population is a given number µ , we can

use µ−X as a test-statistic, rejecting the null hypothesis if µ−X is large. To

calculate the standardized statistic )1,0(~/

NnS

XZ µ−= , we need to either know or

have an approximate value for 2σ , from which we can calculate 2S

Test of Significance for Single Mean

For the large sample we use the Z -test statistics and the formula is

Chapter Five

254

)1,0(~/

NnS

XZ µ−= for dfn )1( − .

Null Hypothesis: there is no significant difference between the sample Mean X( ) and

the Population Mean ( µ ).

If the Population Standard Deviation )(σ is unknown then we use its estimate

provided by Sample Variance given by 22ˆ S=σ ,

S=σ̂ (for large samples), ∑=

−−

=n

ii xx

nS

1

22 )(1

1 (Sample Variance)

Table 5.14

Descriptive One-Sample Statistics for Z test

One-Sample Statistics for Z test

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error

Mean Effectiveness of labour welfare

500 42.71 5.25 .235

Z

W

X(

E

F

ta

F

so

F

tw

~/ nS

XZ µ−=

Whereas,

X ) Samp

Effectivenesof labour welfare

or verificat

abulated valu

rom the abo

o it means nu

rom the Tab

wo-tailed tes

)1,0(~ N

le Mean, ( µ

Z ss

28.53

tion of abov

ue.

ove test it is

ull hypothes

ble 5.15, tab

st is 1.96. Si

µ ) Populat

One-Samp

One-S

(P

df St

499 0

ve data res

clear that sig

sis is rejected

bulated value

nce calculat

255

tion Mean

Table 5.15

ple statistic

Sample for Z

opulation M

ig. (2-ailed)

0.001

searcher has

gnificance v

d at the 0.05

e of Z for 4

ted value is m

for Z test

Z Test

Mean)Test Va

Mean Difference

6.71

s applied Z

value is 0.00

significance

499 df at 5%

much greate

alue = 36 95% C

IntervDif

Lower

6.25

Z -test at 5%

1 which is l

e level.

% level of sig

er than the ta

Chapter Fiv

Confidence val of the fference

Upper

7.17

% significan

ess than 0.0

gnificance fo

abulated valu

ve

nt

5,

or

ue

Chapter Five

256

it is highly significant. Hence we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that “Labour

welfare measures in Indian Railways are effective”.

Hypothesis 2

H0: There is no overall satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards

various Fringe Benefits.

H01: There is overall satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various

Fringe Benefits.

In order to Test the hypothesis, one sample Z -test is applied because samples are


score of the neutral value (7 x 3 = 21).

Table 5.16



N Mean Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Satisfaction of fringe benefits 500 23.71 3.63 .1623

Z

W

X(

( µ

F

v

F

so

F

si

~/ nS

XZ µ−=

Whereas,

X ) Samp

µ ) Popul

16.71

Satisfactionfringe bene

or verificati

alue.

rom the abo

o it means nu

rom the tab

ignificance f

)1,0(~ N

le Mean,

lation Mean

Z n of fits

16.7

ion of above

ove test it is

ull hypothes

ble 5.17 it is

for two-taile

One-Sam

One-S

(P

df Sita

1 499 0

e data resea

clear that sig

sis is rejected

s clear that t

ed test is 1.96

257

Table 5.17

mple statist

ample for Z

Population M

ig. (2-ailed) D

0.001

archer has ap

gnificance v

d at the 0.05

tabulated va

6. Since calc

tic Z test

Z t Test

Mean)Test V

Mean ifference

2.716

pplied Z -tes

value is 0.00

significance

alue of Z f

culated value

Value = 21 95% Confid

of the D

Lower

2.397

st at 5% sig

1 which is l

e level.

for 499 df at

e of Z is gr

Chapter Fiv

dence IntervDifference

Upper

3.035

gnificant tab

ess than 0.0

t 5% level o

reater than th

ve

al

le

5,

of

he

Chapter Five

258

tabulated value it is significant. Hence Ho is rejected at 5% level of significance and

we conclude that “There is overall satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees

towards various Fringe Benefits.”

Hypothesis 3

H0: Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction are not effective in Indian

Railways.

H01: Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction are effective in Indian

Railways.

In order to Test the hypothesis, one sample Z -test is applied because samples are


score of the neutral value

(7 x 3 = 21).

Table 5.18



N Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Job satisfaction

500 24.11 3.594 .161

Z

W

X(

( µ

s

F

v

F

so

F

o

th

~/ nS

XZ µ−=

Whereas,

X ) Samp

µ ) Popul

19.33

Job satisfaction

or verificati

alue.

rom the abo

o it means nu

rom the abo

f significanc

he tabulated

)1,0(~ N

le Mean,

lation Mean

Z d

19.33 49

ion of above

ove test it is

ull hypothes

ove table 5.1

ce for two-ta

d value it is

One-Sam

One-S

(Po

df Sig. (2tailed)

99 0.001

e data resear

clear that sig

sis is rejected

19 it is clear

ailed test is

significant

259

Table 5.19

mple statist

Sample for Z

opulation Me

2-)

MeDiffer

1 3.1

rcher has ap

gnificance v

d at the 0.05

that tabulat

1.96. Since

at 5% leve

tic Z test

Z Test

ean)Test Val

ean rence

95%

12

pplied Z -tes

value is 0.00

significance

ted value of

calculated v

el of signific

lue = 21

% Confidenthe Diff

Lower

2.796

st at 5% sig

1 which is l

e level.

Z for 499 d

value of Z i

cance and it

Chapter Fiv

ce Interval oference

Upper

3.427

gnificant tab

ess than 0.0

df at 5% lev

s greater tha

t leads to th

ve

of

le

5,

el

an

he

Chapter Five

260

conclusion we reject the null hypothesis. This shows that Ho is rejected and the

research hypothesis “Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction are effective

in Indian Railways.”

Hypothesis 4

H0: There is no significant difference between the mean score of studied variable

i.e. effectiveness of labour welfare measures, satisfaction of fringe benefits and job

satisfaction of Railways employees with the consideration of experience categories.

H01: There is significant difference between the mean score of studied variable i.e.

effectiveness of labour welfare measures, satisfaction of fringe benefits and job

satisfaction of Railways employees consideration of experience categories.

In order to test the hypothesis “there is no significant difference between the

mean score of studied variable i.e. effectiveness of labour welfare measures,

satisfaction of fringe benefits and job satisfaction with consideration of experience

categories.”

One way ANOVA is applied as follows:

Analysis of Variance:

Analysis of variance is a statistical technique that is used to compare the mean of

more than two groups.

One Way Analysis of Variance is a part of ANOVA family, where we are

comparing the means of more than two population based on single treatment factor.

Chapter Five

261

Table 5.20

Descriptive statistics of studied variables with consideration of experience

Categorized

Table 5.21

One way ANOVA of studied variables with experience

Categorized

Sum of

Squares df

Mean Square

F Sig.

Effectiveness of labour

welfare

Between Groups Within Groups

Total

52.420 13674.530 3726.950

2 497 499

26.210 27.514

.953

.386

Satisfaction of fringe benefits


Total

7.999 6577.673 6585.672

2 497 499

3.999 13.235 .302 .739

Job satisfaction

Between Groups Within Groups Total

28.817 6416.911 6445.728

2 497 499

14.409 12.911 1.116 .328

From the above test it is clear that significance value is (P=0.386>0.05,

P=0.739>0.05, P=0.328>0.05) which is greater 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is


Effectiveness of labour welfare

below than 10

11_20 above 21

Total

135192173500

42.977842.921942.265642.7160

4.90578 5.01716 5.72721 5.24489

.42222 .36208 .43543 .23456


below than 1011_20

above 21 Total

135192173500

23.829623.791723.543423.7160

3.52505 3.82857 3.50492 3.63287

.30339

.27630

.26647

.16247

Job satisfaction

below than 1011_20

above 21 Total

135192173500

24.059324.395823.838224.1120

3.58430 3.55946 3.63723 3.59406

.30849

.25688

.27653

.16073

Chapter Five

262

accepted at the 0.05 significance level. This means that there is a no significant

difference between the mean score of effectiveness of Labour Welfare measures,

Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction with consideration of experience

categories. As seen, because of (F=0.953 and P=0.386>0.05), (F=0.302 and

P=0.328>0.05), (F=1.116 and P=0.328>0.05).

Hence we concluded that there is no significant difference between the mean

score of effectiveness of Labour Welfare measures, Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits

and Job Satisfaction with consideration of experience categories.

Hypothesis 5

H0: There is no significant difference between the mean score of studied variable

i.e. effectiveness of Labour Welfare measures, Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and Job

Satisfaction with consideration of designation.

H01: There is significant difference between the mean score of studied variable i.e.

effectiveness of Labour Welfare measures, Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and Job

Satisfaction with consideration of designation.

In order to test the hypothesis “there is no significant difference between the mean

score of studied variable i.e. effectiveness of labour welfare measures, satisfaction of

fringe benefits and job satisfaction with consideration of designation categories.”

One way ANOVA is applied as follows:

Chapter Five

263

Table 5.22

Descriptive statistics of studied variables with consideration of designation

Categorized

Table 5.23

One way ANOVA of studied variables with designation categorized

Sum of Squares df Mean

Square F Sig.


Between Groups Within Groups Total

497.537 13229.413 13726.950

2 497 499

248.769 26.619

9.346

.000



Total

20.868 6564.804 6585.672

2 497 499

10.434 13.209

.790

.454

Job satisfaction


Total

33.106 6412.622 6445.728

2 497 499

16.553 12.903 1.283 .278



Official Technical Clerical

Total

163 193 144 500

41.8221 43.9637 42.0347 42.7100

5.09529 4.78428 5.68941 5.24489

.39909

.34438

.47412

.23456



Total

163 193 144 500

23.4969 23.6788 24.0139 23.7160

3.60790 3.68137 3.60067 3.63287

.28259

.26499 .3006 .16247

Job satisfaction


Total

163 193 144 500

24.1595 24.3575 23.7292 24.1120

3.52754 3.604743 3.64746 3.59406

.27630

.25945

.30395

.16073

Chapter Five

264

From the above test it is clear that significance value is (P=0.00<0.05), which

is less than 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 significance level.

This means that there is a significant difference between the mean score of

effectiveness of Labour welfare measures with consideration of designation category.

While on other variable as seen (P=0.454>0.05, P=0.278>0.05) which is greater 0.05,

so it means null hypothesis is accepted at the 0.05 significance level. This means that

there is a no significant difference between the mean score of satisfaction of fringe

benefits and job satisfaction with consideration of designation categories.

As seen, because of (F=0.790 and P=0.454>0.05), (F=1.283 and

P=0.278>0.05).

There is no significant difference between the mean score of satisfaction of

fringe benefits and job satisfaction with consideration of designation categories.

5.3 Major Findings

The study has performed to make analysis of the impact of “Labour Welfare

Measures in Indian Railways” which involved the study on statutory and non statutory

welfare measures provided by the Indian Railways and other information pertaining to

the Labour Welfare Facilities, Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction. For this a

Questionnaire was administered to the respondents comprising are 500 employees of

the Indian Railways. The collected data has been tabulated and analyzed on

evaluation of the primary data which was collected from the respondents. The

hypotheses constructed have been tested by means of the survey conducted to elicit

the perception of the employees of Indian Railways.

Chapter Five

265

The main findings of the study obtained from the respondents with the help of

administered questionnaire, study and researcher's observations are presented below

Findings:

Group 1 “Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways”

• The perception of the respondents with regard to the effectiveness of Labour

Welfare in Indian Railways, an overwhelming majority of the respondents 37.2,

45.4, 41.8, 31.6%, 32.6%, 36.8%, 34.6%, 39.8%, 40.6%, 31.4%, 35.2%, 34.0%

are satisfied, while on other hand of the respondents 30.4%, 24.6%, 25.6%,

27.8%, 27.8%, 24.2%, 27.2%, 22.2%, 21.4%, 24.4%, 25.9%, 29.2% are highly

satisfied with the labour welfare measures, accommodation facilities, medical

facilities and so on.


Welfare in Indian Railways, minimum of 13.4%, 10.4%, 13.8%, 17.2%, 15.2%,

14.2%, 14%, 2.8%, 10%, 16.2%, 10.4%, 11% of the respondents are dissatisfied,

while minimum of 7.4%, 6.8%, 10.4%, 9.4%, 5%, 10%, 10.8%, 8.2%, 10.8%,

13%, 9.4%, 14% of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with Labour Welfare

Measures.

• The perception of the respondents 11.6%, 12.8%, 8.4%, 14%, 19.4%, 14.85%,

13.8%, 9%, 17.2%, 15%, 19.6%, 11.8% are neutral with Labour Welfare

Measures Indian Railways.

Chapter Five

266

Group 2 “Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe

Benefits”.


Welfare in Indian Railways, an immense majority of the respondents 33.2%,

33%, 34.2%, 30.8%, 25.8%, 33%, 28.2% are satisfied, while on other hand of the

respondents 23.4%, 24.7%, 23.65%, 26.8%, 29.8%, 21.4%, 29% are highly

satisfied with the Labour Welfare Measures.


Welfare in Indian Railways, minimum of 14.8%, 13.2%, 13.8%, 17.2%, 12.4%,

16.2%, 16.2% of the respondents are dissatisfied, while minimum of 15.8%,

14.4%, 12.4%, 12.4%, 15.2%, 14.2%, 15% of the respondents are highly

dissatisfied with Labour Welfare Measures.

• The perception of the respondents 12.8%, 14.6%, 16%, 12.8%, 17.4%, 15.2%,

11.2% are neutral with Labour Welfare Measures Indian Railways.

Group 3 “Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction in Indian

Railways”.


Welfare in Indian Railways, an overwhelming majority of the respondents 30%,

28.8%, 30.6%, 32.8%, 29.6%, 32%, 28.2% are satisfied, while on other hand of the

respondents, while on other hand of the respondents 30%, 31.2%, 23.2%, 26%,

26.4%, 24.2%, 26.6% are highly satisfied with the Labour Welfare Measures.


Welfare in Indian Railways, minimum of 12.6%, 15%, 12.8%, 11.4%, 15.4%,

Chapter Five

267

11.2%, 12% of the respondents are dissatisfied, while minimum of 12.6%, 12.6%,

17.4%, 17.4%, 13.4%, 12%, 13.2%, 14% the respondents are highly dissatisfied

with Labour Welfare Measures.

• The perception of the respondents 14.8%, 12.4%, 16%, 16.4%, 16.6%, 19.4%,

19.2% are neutral with labour welfare measures Indian Railways.

The hypotheses of this study, moreover been further tested to strengthen their

veracity through a survey. The survey ascertains the perceptions and levels of

satisfaction of the respondents with the Labour Welfare amenities in Indian Railways.

The questionnaire sought perception of the respondents with regard to effectiveness of

Labour Welfare Measures, Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and the Human Resources

Policies regarding Job Satisfaction are effective in Indian Railways.

Statistical tools have been applied to the analysis of hypothesis specific

information collected from the respondents of this survey. The findings and inferences

drawn from the data analysis lead this study.

The analysis of data obtained reveals that:

• 69.6% of the respondents are male and the rest 30.4% are female.

• 27.6% of the respondents their age come under the category of below35 Years,

38.2% of the respondents falls under 36-45 Yrs and 34.2% of the respondents

come under the category of above 46 Years.

• 32.6% of the respondents their designation come under the category of official

post, 38.6% of the respondents falls under technical post and 28.8% of the

respondents come under the category of clerical post in Indian Railways.

Chapter Five

268

• 27% of the respondents come under the category of below 10 Yrs, 38.4% of the

respondents falls under 11-20 Yrs and 34.6% of the respondents come under the

category of above 21Yrs of experience in Indian Railways.

• 22.2% of the respondents come under the category of less than 10000/- 35.8% of

the respondents falls under 10000-25000/- and 42% of the respondents come

under the category of above 25000/- of personal income of Railways employees.

Test of Hypotheses

To determine whether each of the hypotheses of this study is null or applicable, the

means of responses to question in the group of particular hypotheses have been

worked out. The means of the scale 3 has been taken as a standard of judgment. So, if

the result is lower than (3), the responses will not apply in Indian Railways; but if the

result is higher than (3), the result will be applicable.

First group: “Labour welfare measures in Indian Railways are effective.”

As revealed in table 5.13, there exists a positive attitude in the respondents toward the

above question because their mean were higher than the mean of the scale (3), but in

different percentage.

The statement with the highest mean was (3.71) in statement number (2)

which said “ labour welfare measures in Indian railways”, which means all the

respondents are fully satisfied with the labour welfare amenities provided by the

Indian Railways. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.38) in statement number

(10) which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the labour welfare

amenities provided by the Indian Railways.

Chapter Five

269

Second group: “Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards

various Fringe Benefits.”



(3), but in different percentage.

The statement with the highest mean in the group is statement number (15)

which says, “Satisfaction of the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe

Benefits” where its mean was (3.43), which means railways employees are highly

satisfied with the fringe benefit of getting bonus for quality and attendance provided

by the Indian Railways. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.31) in statement

number (18) which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the

employees counseling provided by the Indian Railways.



(3), but in different percentage.

The statement with the highest mean in the group is (20) in statement number,

which says, “Human resource policies regarding Job satisfaction in Indian Railways”

where it’s mean was (3.52), which means Indian Railways serve job security at

highest level. The statement with the lowest mean was (3.34) in statement number

(22) which means all the respondents are not fully satisfied with the salary package

provided by the Indian Railways.

Chapter Five

270

Hypothesis 1

For verification of above data researcher has apply Z-test at 5% significant tabulated

value.

From the above test it is clear that significance value is 0.001 which is less

than 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 significance level.

From the Table 5.15, tabulated value of Z for 499 df at 5% level of

significance for two-tailed test is 1.96. Since calculated value is much greater than the

tabulated value it is highly significant. Hence we reject the null hypothesis and

conclude that “Labour Welfare Measures in Indian Railways are effective” is

accepted.

That Ho is rejected and the research hypothesis “Labour Welfare Measures in

Indian Railways are effective”.

Hypothesis 2

For verification of above data researcher has apply Z-test at 5% significant tabulated

value.

From the above test it is clear that significance value is 0.001 which is less

than static significance level (α) which is 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is rejected

at the 0.05 significance level.

From the table 5.17 it is clear that tabulated value of Z for 499 df at 5% level

of significance for two-tailed test is 1.96. Since calculated value of Z is greater than

the tabulated value it is significant. Hence Ho is rejected at 5% level of significance.

Chapter Five

271

That Ho is rejected and the research hypothesis “There is overall satisfaction of

the Indian Railways employees towards various Fringe Benefits” is accepted.

Hypothesis 3

For verification of above data researcher has apply Z-test at 5% significant table

value.

From the above test it is clear that significance value is 0.001which is less than

static significance level (α) which is 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is rejected at the

0.05 significance level.

From the above table 5.19 it is clear that tabulated value of Z for 499 df at 5%

level of significance for two-tailed test is 1.96. Since calculated value of Z is greater

than the tabulated value it is significant at 5% level of significance.

That Ho is rejected and the research hypothesis “Human resource policies

regarding Job satisfaction are effective in Indian Railways” is accepted.

Hypothesis 4

For verification of above data researcher has apply One way ANOVA at 5%

significant tabulated value.

From the above test it is clear that significance value is (P=0.386>0.05,

P=0.739>0.05, P=0.328>0.05) which is greater 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is

accepted at the 0.05 significance level. This means that there is a no significant

difference between the mean score of effectiveness of Labour Welfare Measures,

Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction with consideration of experience

Chapter Five

272

categories. As seen, because of (F=0.953 and P=0.386>0.05), (F=0.302 and

P=0.328>0.05), (F=1.116 and P=0.328>0.05).

Hence we concluded that there is no significant difference between the mean

score of effectiveness of Labour Welfare Measures, Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits

and Job Satisfaction with consideration of experience categories.

Hypothesis 5

For verification of above data researcher has apply One way ANOVA at 5%

significant tabulated value.

From the above test it is clear that significance value is (P=0.00<0.05), which

is less than 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 significance level.

This means that there is a significant difference between the mean score of

effectiveness of Labour Welfare Measures with consideration of designation category.

While on other variable as seen (P=0.454>0.05, P=0.278>0.05) which is

greater 0.05, so it means null hypothesis is accepted at the 0.05 significance level.

This means that there is a no significant difference between the mean score of

Satisfaction of Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction with consideration of designation

categories.

As seen, because of (F=0.790 and P=0.454>0.05), (F=1.283 and

P=0.278>0.05).

There is no significant difference between the mean score of Satisfaction of

Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction with consideration of designation categories.

Chapter Five

273

5.4 Conclusion

This chapter investigates and measures the satisfaction levels of the employees in

Indian Railways; it makes a critical analysis of the work done, as a whole, in the

study. Through application of statistical tools described in the methodology, the data

calculated and used in the study is synchronized and interpreted. The succeeding

chapter would describe the critical examination of the interpretation in order to draw

logical conclusion. The result has its bearing on the hypothesis which is tested

positive or negative, based on conclusion; the suggestion and recommendation have

been formulated.

CHAPTER 5 AN ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LABOUR WELFARE...

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