Chapter 5: Applications of the Derivative Chapter 4: Derivatives Chapter 5: Applications.
Chapter 5
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SHAPING A NEW NATION Chapter 5
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Chapter 5. Shaping a new nation. 5.1: Experimenting with Confederation. One American’s Story (pg. 132): Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why did this take place?. Terms to know…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Chapter 5
SHAPING A NEW NATION
Chapter 5
5.1: Experimenting with Confederation
One American’s Story (pg. 132):Who is the main orator of the passage?What is the main idea of the passage?When did this take place?Where did this take place?Why did this take place?
Terms to know…
RepublicRepublicanismArticles of ConfederationConfederationLand Ordinance of 1785Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Americans Debate Republicanism
One key issue the Congress had to settle was the relationship between the state and national govts
To most people, the colony was the primary govt prior to independence, therefore many believed that the state govt should be more powerful that the newly created national govt in America
18th Century Americans felt that there were too many dumb people living there, and therefore did not want a democracy, hence they favored a republic
Republicanism (not the political party today) swept throughout the states
Americans Debate Republicanism
There were two schools of thought about how to achieve this: The govt could only succeed if people placed the
nation above their personal interests The govt would succeed if people were left free to
pursue their own political/ economic interestsThe 13 states began to draft their individual
constitutions—most focused on limiting govt, emphasized liberty rather than equality—differed on suffrage (race, sex, wealth)
The Continental Congress Debates
The Continental Congress began drafting a national constitution; three basic questions arose
1. Representation by population or by state? The states were all different (population, wealth, size); they
decided that each state should get one vote, regardless of its total population
2. Can the supreme power be divided? People assumed that a national govt couldn’t share its power
w/ lesser govts (states); Articles of Confederation was drafted= a Confederation (loose union of strong state govts)
3. Who gets the uncharted western lands? Maryland would not agree to the Articles of Confederation
until all states gave up any western land claims to the natl govt
The Continental Congress Debates
To est. governing rules for the western land, Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 (turn to pg. 138)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 further divided this land into territories, and set requirements as to how these lands might one day become states (did not account for Native Americans) A district could become territory with a population of 5,000
adult males. Then could send a nonvoting representative to Congress
A territory could write a constitution and apply for statehood with a population of 60,000.
These two land ordinances were the Confederation’s greatest achievements
• Congress surveyed the land into squares 6 miles on each side. (townships)
Land Ordinance
of 1785
Land Ordinance
of 1785
• Each town was divided into 36 smaller sections, 640 acres each. (the cost was a minimum of $1 per acre)
• People pooled their money in order to be able to afford a piece of land.
Land Ordinance
of 1785
Theoretical township diagram showing method of numbering sections with adjoining sections.
• When the population reached 60,000 free citizens, the area could apply for statehood. Ex.) OH, IN, IL, MI, WI
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
• When 5,000 free males of voting age settled an area, it became self-governing.
• Slavery was outlawed.
Objective: To examine the formation of the Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation (1781) - the first central government of the United States
- 9 of the 13 states had to agree on all federal laws.
Congress was a unicameral legislature with delegates, or representatives, from each state.
- The main power of Congress involved foreign affairs.
- All 13 states had to agree on all amendments.
* Under the Articles of Confederation, the states had more power than the federal government.
Examples: taxation and law enforcement
* The Articles of Confederation had a weak federal government on purpose because they were afraid of their experiences with the British monarchy and Parliament.
The Confederation Encounters Problems
After the initial success of territorial expansion issues, the Confederation began showing it’s weakness when dealing w/ taxation, national debt, Congressional representation, etc.
The Articles of Conf. caused Americans to see themselves as individual states, not one nation
The 1 vote per state rules hurt states w/ large populations (Ga (23,375)= Mass (235,308)
Most serious economic problem was the national debt stemming from the war ($190 million)—had to pay back foreign nations/ Continental currency worthless
Couldn’t tax or collect revenue from the states
VS
After the war, Creditors (lenders of $) and debtors (borrowers of $) struggle against one another.
Lenders favor high taxes so the states can pay them back--- this sends farmers into debt and many lose their farms because of it.
Usefulness of Money- Debtors want to increase the supply of money to lessen its value and enable them to pay off their debts with cheap currency.
Creditors want the money supply low so it would keep its full value.
Borrowers (Debtors)
Lenders (Creditors)
Foreign-Relations Problems
US does not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists
In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on the Great Lakes
In 1784, Spain closes Miss. River to American navigation
Westerners unable to ship crops east through New Orleans
Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign nations
Answer the following questions by reading “What was Shays Rebellion”
1. Explain how war could be both good and bad for a country, and then clarify how the Articles of Confederation showed its weakness after the American Revolution.
2. Identify how class warfare was prominent in America during 1786.
3. Who is Daniel Shays, and what did he do? 4. Put in plain words how did Thomas Jefferson
reacted to Shays' Rebellion?
5.2: Drafting the Constitution
One American’s Story (pg 140):Who is the main orator of the passage?What is the main idea of the passage?When did this take place?Where did this take place?Why did this take place?
Terms to Know…
Shays’ RebellionJames MadisonRoger ShermanGreat CompromiseThree-Fifths CompromiseFederalismLegislative BranchExecutive BranchJudicial BranchChecks and BalancesElectoral College
Compromise….
“A truly good compromise is when all parties involved are equally dissatisfied with the solution”
Shays’ Rebellion• Farmer’s income decreased while taxes increased.
• Farmers who could not pay their debts had their farms taken away by debtors courts.
Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and his supporters occupy a Massachusetts courthouse.
• Therefore, in 1786, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers in an attempt to capture a federal arsenal.
Men Fighting During Shays' Rebellion
• The U.S., without an organized army, was powerless. Massachusetts sent a militia to stop the rebellion.
• Shays’ Rebellion convinced many people that the U.S. needed a new, stronger government.
• The Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced!
This is a picture of Daniel Shays grave in Scottsburg, NY.
Nationalists Strengthen the Govt
Each state had a large pop of debt-ridden farmers—would Shay’s Rebellion spread from a one-time incident in Massachusetts to more states?
The rebellion proved that there needed to be a stronger national govt to handle such situations
Biggest issue: trade b/t states (taxes, navigation, etc)James Madison & Alexander Hamilton called for a
meeting to decide how to fix the national govtMay 1787 12 states (not Rhode Isl) set delegates (55
total) to Pennsylvania State House (same room as Dec. of Ind. 11 years earlier)—these were high class, educated men; Washington was elected presiding officer
The convention met to revise the Articles of Confederation, however they decided to scrap it all together and form a brand new govt—there were two big issues that had to be resolved…
Big States vs. Small States
Madison’s Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature w/ membership based on pop—smaller states rejected
Patterson’s New Jersey Plan: A unicameral legislature w/ each state had one vote—large states rejected
Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise blended the two: two-house Congress—Senate equal representation/ House based on population. Citizens elected House; state leg would elect Senate
Slavery-Related Issues Representation based on pop
highlighted key dilemma—would slaved be counted as people?
Southern states wanted b/c high concentration of slaves, thus more representation—northern states disagreed
Three-Fifths Compromise: 3 out of 5 (60%) of slave pop would be counted for rep.
Plantation owners feared that Congress would outlaw slave trade—Congress agreed not to interfere w/slave trade for 20 yrs
Creating a New Govt
The newly formed govt would be a form of federalism, in which the state and federal govt would share power
Powers granted to the federal govt were called
delegated or enumerated
Powers granted to the states are called reserved powers
Both levels of govt also
share powers
Procedure for electing a president
Communication was difficult; most citizens would vote for “their” regional person for president; upper class believed the lower class was not smart enough to make such an important decision. Therefore, the framers of the Constitution didn’t want the popular vote to elect the President (too bad for Al Gore in 2000)
The Founders came up w/ a system known as the electoral college, where a group of electors from each state would cast ballots for presidential candidates
Understanding today’s Electoral College
Each state is given a number based on its total population;
The total number of all the states = 538…why?
Senate (100) + House (435) + Wash DC (3) = 538
A majority ( 1 more than ½) would be 270—who ever gets to 270 first wins the presidency
Tom Price
Saxby Chambliss
Johnny Isaacson
5.3: Ratifying the Constitution (pg 145)
One American’s Story:Who is the main orator of the passage?What is the main idea of the passage?When did this take place?Where did this take place?Why did this take place?
Terms you’ll need to know…
RatificationFederalistsAntifederalistsThe FederalistsBill of Rights
Federalists and Antifederalists
Citizens were shocked to see the changed the delegates made in the 4 months creating the Constitution—most thought they would only tweak the Articles of Confederation (painting a room in your house vs tearing down house/ build new one)
To approve the newly drafted Constitution, each state had to elect delegates, and hold a special convention to either ratify or reject the Constitution; once 9 states approved ratification, the Constitution would become law
Federalists—those that favored the Constitution; good balance b/t federal & state govts
Antifederalists —those that opposed the new govt; thought it gave too much power to the federal govt
Federalist viewpointLed by James Madison, John Dickinson, and Alexander
HamiltonBenjamin Franklin and George Washington also backed the
Federalists.The Federalist- series 85 essays defending the Constitution
—aimed at getting public support • Federalist cause was generally popular in the cities, but
they were outnumbered in the general population.• Well organized and knew how to gather political support• Believed that the system of checks and balances would
keep the govt in check
Antifederalists
Antifederalists viewpoint• They were less organized and less unified than the Federalists.• Their core consisted of farmers and planters.• Agreed on one central issue: they distrusted any central authority• Believed strong national government would lead to a kind of tyranny
like the kind they fought against in the Revolution.• Worried that the government would abuse both states’ rights and
individual liberties• Thought the new government favored the educated and wealthy over
ordinary people• Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee• Robert Yates, New York delegate, wrote anti-Constitution essays under the
name Brutus• They wanted basic human rights added to the Constitution…a Bill of
Rights
The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
Antifederalists pushed for a national bill of rights to protect the citizens from the powerful natl govt
The Federalists promised to add a bill of rights later if the states would go ahead and approve ratification
Delaware led the states in ratification, and New Hampshire completed it by being the 9th state to ratify the Constitution in June 1788
Two very important states (New York and Virginia) had not voted, and their support was desperately needed in order for the govt to be successful.
July 1788—all of the states had ratified the Constitution by 1789, due in large part of a promise to add a Bill of Rights
Ratification issues
In Virginia, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and James Monroe led the Antifederalists debate
In New York, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison led the debate for the Federalists
Congress submitted the Bill of Rights in Sept. 1789, and by Dec. 1791 the required ¾ of the states had ratified them
Amendments 1-8 spell out personal liberties Amendments 9-10 impose general limits on the
power of the federal govt. The Constitution’s flexibility enable it to be
continually changed, which is why it is still a working document today.
Unit Essential Question # 3
What factors shaped the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution?
Turn to page 150 in the textbookRead each one of the Main Idea questions (1-
10)Be ready to answer specific questions about
each of those ten questions.
The executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches prevent any one branch from dominating the others.
7
A huge debt from the Revolutionary War, not power to tax, no control over international or foreign trade, and no power to deal with foreign relations
3
They believed the states and the individual rights of citizens were sufficiently protected
10
They were afraid that a democracy placed power in the hands of the uneducated masses.
1
Southern states feared if Congress were given the power to regulate foreign trade, it might not allow the slave trade.
6
It was a series of essays that analyzed the Constitution and explained why ratifying it would be beneficial.
9
The weakness of the govt, the huge debt, the inability to levy taxes, Shays’ Rebellion, and problems with foreign nations.
4
They had just fought a Revolutionary War to free themselves from the strong central govt of Great Britain
2
Big and little state compromised; the Three-Fifths Compromise settled the issues of counting slaves
5
For: It created a strong central govt but reserved powers for the states and created a system of checks and balances for the central govt
Against: Strong central govt might increase taxes; citizens’ rights/ freedoms not protected enough
8
