Review Animal Behavior ( ch 44) and classes of animals (chart)
Chapter 44 Animal Behavior
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Transcript of Chapter 44 Animal Behavior
Chapter 44Animal Behavior
Section 1
Development of Behavior
The Study of Behavior• Snakes play dead
• Chimpanzee gathers termites on stick
• Leaf-cutter ants cut leaves and take bits back to their nest- colony helps load food
• Ethologists- biologists who study behavior
The Study of Behavior• Behavior- action or series of
actions performed by an organism, usually in a response to a stimulus
• To learn more, ethologists ask questions
• 1. What causes the behavior? What are the mechanisms that respond to a stimuli?
• 2. What is the role of genes in the behavior, and how does it develop during an individual’s lifetime?
• 3. What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?
• 4. How does the behavior affect the organism’s survival and reproduction?
Genes and Behavior• Ethologists ask how much
behavior is based on genetics and how much is based on the environment
• Example: aggressive animals- snapping turtle vs tiger or bear
Natural Selection & Behavior• Animals promote offspring
production by changing their surroundings
• Example: new male lion takes over a pride- he kills all young cubs so that he is only the father of all new offspring
Innate Behavior• Innate behavior- instincts-
inherited actions that are performed effectively the first time without being taught
• Example: spider webs & hatchling sea turtles
Fixed Action Pattern• Fixed action pattern- rigid innate
behavior that all members of a species perform the same way each time
• Example: eastern hognose snake- spreads its jaws, hisses, and rolls on its back when threatened (plays dead)
Learned Behavior• Actions change with experience
• Learning- modification of a behavior based on experience
• Simple or complex
• What are some examples of learned behavior that you display?
Habituation• Habituation- animal learns to
ignore a frequent, harmless stimulus
• Example: Sea gulls- shadows from overhead cause them to hide, overtime they learn that small objects (leaf) is not dangerous, but a larger object (hawk) is
Operant Conditioning• Operant conditioning- trial and
error learning
• Example: dog learns a cat hissing and arched back is dangerous when it gets scratched
• Example: B.F. Skinner- rat in box trained to pull level if food came out
Classical Conditioning• Classical conditioning- animals
learn to associate a response with a previous stimulus
• Example: ringing a bell and a dog salivating
Problem-Solving & Reasoning
• Reasoning- type of problem solving- involves the ability to solve a problem not previously encountered by the individual in a way that is not dictated by instinct
• Example: chimp using tool to get insects
• Other examples?
Genes, Learning, & Behavior
• Genes can shape behavior
• Behaviors are also shaped by an animal’s experience
• But, overall, behavior is shaped by both genes and by experience
Imprinting• Imprinting- form of learning in which
young animal forms permanent associations with its environment
• Example: geese learn to follow the first thing they see when they hatch (humans)
• Example: sea turtles hatch and return to same beach to lay eggs years later
Imprinting• Sensitive period- imprinting
occurs during a specific phase in an animal’s development
• Example: young children can learn multiple languages
REVIEW!!!• What are four questions that an
ethologist might ask when studying behavior?
• How is it possible for natural selection to affect an innate behavior?
• Describe four types of learned behavior.