1

Chapter 4 – Triangles: Congruency & Similarity

Quilting is a great American pastime especially in the heartland of the United States. Quilts can be simple in nature or as in the photo to the left, be put together to challenge the viewer’s eye. Regardless of its complexity of design, one of the most common components to any quilt, is the is the use of the simple polygon called a triangle. The triangle is the simplest of the polygons but so special are its relationships and role in our lives, the triangle is worthy of its own couple of chapters in our study of math. This chapter focuses on triangles as a polygon and the relations contained within a triangle and then how they relate to other triangles. In a future chapter, you will study right triangles and how they anchor the world of trigonometry.

Concepts & Skills The skills and concepts covered in this chapter include:

• Define and classify triangles by their sides and angles. • Understand and apply the Triangle Sum Theorem. • Identify interior and exterior angles in a triangle, including the Exterior

Angle Theorem. • Define and use properties of congruent triangles. • Understand the Third Angle Theorem. • Use the distance formula to analyze triangles on the coordinate plane. • Apply the SSS and SAS Postulates to prove two triangles are

congruent. • Use the ASA Congruence Postulate, AAS Congruence Theorem, and the

HL Congruence Theorem. • Understand the properties of isosceles and equilateral triangles. • Use the Base Angles Theorem. • Prove an equilateral triangle is also equiangular. • Differentiate between congruence & similarity • Test for triangle similarity

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Section 4.1 – Classifying Triangles

4.1a Triangles

A triangle is polygon made by three line segments intersecting at their endpoints. Every triangle has three vertices (the points where the segments meet), three sides (the segments), and three interior angles (formed at each vertex). We know from the previous chapter that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180˚. All of the following shapes are triangles.

Triangles have three interior angles, three vertices and three sides.

• A triangle is labeled by its vertices with a . • This triangle can be labeled or

. • Order does not matter.

How many triangles are in the diagram below?

3

4.1b Classifying Triangles by Angles

One of the common ways to classify a triangle is by their angles. These are acute, obtuse, right or equilateral triangles.

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: In any triangle, two of the angles will always be acute. The third angle can be acute, obtuse, or right.

Examples of each of these types of triangles are shown below.

a) Right Triangle: When a triangle has one right angle.

b) Obtuse Triangle: When a triangle has one obtuse angle.

c) Acute Triangle: When all three angles in the triangle are acute.

d) Equiangular Triangle: When all the angles in a triangle are congruent.

Which term best describes below?

4

4.1c Classifying Triangles by Sides

Another common way to classify triangles is by their sides. These are called Scalene, Isosceles, or Equilateral triangles.

Each of these is described below.

a) Scalene Triangle: When a triangles sides are all different lengths.

b) Isosceles Triangle: When at least two sides of a triangle are congruent.

c) Equilateral Triangle: When all the sides of a triangle are congruent.

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: By definition, an equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.

5

You Try!

Classify each of the triangles by its sides and angles.

a. b.

Video & Internet Connections

1. http://www.mathsisfun.com/triangle.html 2. http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/triangles-interactive.html 3. http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/geometry-building-

blocks/types-of-triangles/ 4. http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/special-

isosceles-triangle-properties/

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Section 4.2: Triangle Sum

Know What? Below is a diagram of the infamous Bermuda Triangle. You are probably familiar with the myth of this triangle; how several ships and planes passed through and mysteriously disappeared.

Using the measurements of the sides of the triangle determine what type of triangle it is! Classify it by both sides and angles. Then, using

a protractor, find the measure of each angle in the Bermuda Triangle. What do they add up to? Do you think the three angles in this image are the same as the three angles in the actual Bermuda triangle? Why or why not?

4.2a -Triangle Sum Theorem

As with any polygon, the Interior Angles of a triangle are found inside of a closed triangular figure with straight sides. From the previous chapter on polygons we know that the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180˚. This fact is known as the Triangle Sum Theorem.

7

As we see in the triangle AMT below, we know the measures of two angles therefore we can use the Triangle Sum Theorem to find the remaining angle;

.

By The TST 180˚ = 27˚ + 82˚ +

= 71˚

Investigation 4-1: Triangle Tear-Up

Tools Needed: paper, ruler, pencil, colored pencils

1.Draw a triangle on a piece of paper. Try to make all three angles different sizes. Color the three interior angles three different colors

and label each one, and . 2.Tear off the three colored angles, so you have three separate angles.

3.Attempt to line up the angles so their points all match up. What

happens? What measure do the three angles add up to?

This investigation shows us that the sum of the angles in a triangle is because the three angles fit together to form a straight line. Recall that a line is also a straight angle and all straight angles are .

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/triangle-angle-sum/

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Special Case #1 Equiangular Triangles: What is the measure of each angle in an equiangular triangle? In this triangle since each angle is equal we know that 180˚/3 = 60˚. As a result each angle in the diagram below is 60˚

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: The acute angles in an equiangular triangle are always 60˚.

Special Case #2 Right Triangles: Right triangles also present another special case with the triangle sum theorem. Recall from previous chapters in the integrated series that complementary angle must add up to 90˚. By definition, a right triangle has one angle that is 90˚. Using the triangle sum theorem we also know that the sum of the angles must be 180˚. This means that the remaining two angles must also add up to 90˚ so therefore theses acute angles must be complementary. In the diagram below we know that

Gm∠ is 90˚ and that the Om∠ is 41˚. Using the triangle sum theorem we know that that Dm∠ must be 49˚. This also proves that the two acute angles are complementary because their sum is 90˚!

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: The acute angles in a right triangle are always complementary.

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4.2b Exterior Angles

INSTANT RECALL!

a. Find , and .

b. What is ?

c. What two angles add up to ?

d. What are , and called? What are , and called?

Recall from chapter 3, an Exterior Angle is the angle formed by one side of a polygon and the extension of the adjacent side. By the definition, the interior angle and its adjacent exterior angle form a linear pair.

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In the diagram below we see that the exterior angle is 112˚. Since we know that adjacent interior and exterior angles are linear pairs we can then find the measure of Qm∠ .

Qm∠ = 180˚ - 112˚ = 68˚

With the information you now know about the triangle, can you find the values of the remaining angles of the triangle?

If we draw both sets of exterior angles on the same triangle, we have the following figure:

Notice, at each vertex if the sides of the triangle are extended, the exterior angles also form vertical angles, therefore they are congruent.

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Recall from our chapter on polygons that the sum of the exterior angles must always be 360˚ no matter the number of sides of the polygon. As a result, it should be no surprise that the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is also 360˚. This is illustrated in the following example where we want to find the measure of the numbered interior and exterior angles in the triangle.

Given that the exterior angles are 92˚and123˚, we know that the remaining angle (4) must be 145˚!

You Try!

a. What is the value of angle p in the triangle below?

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b. Find .

4.2c Remote Interior Angles

The two angles in a triangle that are not adjacent to the indicated exterior angle are called the remote interior angles. In the diagram below A∠ and

B∠ are the remote interior angles for exterior angle A∠ CD.

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/remote-interior-angles/

Remote Interior Angles have a special relation to exterior angles. This is known as the Exterior Angle Theorem.

Exterior Angle Theorem: The sum of the remote interior angles is equal to the non-adjacent exterior angle.

From the picture above, this means that . Let’s apply this to some examples using algebra.

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Algebra Connection Find the value of and the measure of each angle.

In the diagram above, the sum of angles (4x+2) and (2x-9) is equal to angle (5x+13).

(4x+2) + (2x-9) = (5x+13) solving this we find that x = 20 therefore the two remote interior angles in the diagram are 82˚, 31˚, and then the exterior angle is 113˚.

(5(20) + 13)˚ = 82˚ + 31˚

113˚ = 113˚

Let’s look at how remote interior angles work. Find .

It is important to note that if you forget the Exterior Angle Theorem, you can do this problem just like we solved the problem above.

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Know What? Revisited The Bermuda Triangle is an acute scalene triangle. The angle measures are in the picture to the right. Your measured angles should be within a degree or two of these measures. The angles should add up to . However, because your measures are estimates using a protractor, they might not exactly add up.

The angle measures in the picture are the actual measures, based off of the distances given, however, your measured angles might be off because the drawing is not to scale.

Homework Problems Section 4.1 and 4.2

Determine .

1.

2.

3.

15

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

16

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16. Find the lettered angles, , in the picture to the right. Note that the two lines are parallel.

17

Algebra Connection Solve for .

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

18

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

19

70⁰

?

29.

Critical Thinking:

Using one or more complete sentences, write a word problem for the diagram given. Use appropriate terminology. Make sure to answer your problem! Answers may vary.

30.

31.

30⁰

40⁰

20

32.

?

65⁰

30⁰

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Section 4.3 Congruent Figures

INSTANT RECALL!

Which corresponding parts of each pair of triangles are congruent? Write all congruence statements for Questions 1 and 2.

1.

2.

3.Determine the measure of .

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4.3a - Congruent Triangles

Recall that two figures are congruent if and only if they have exactly the same size and shape. When we consider whether or not triangles are congruent we need to keep in mind that they must meet the following conditions:

• Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if the three corresponding angles and sides are congruent.

and are congruent because all of the corresponding sides and angles are congruent. When referring to corresponding congruent parts of triangles we refer to them as Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent, or more simply CPCTC.

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/cpctc/

Based on CPCTC, we know that the triangles in the diagram below are congruent because each of the angles and sides in ABC∆ are identical or congruent to the corresponding sides in LMN∆

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IMPORTANT TO NOTE: When stating that two triangles are congruent, the order of the letters is very important. Corresponding parts must be written in the same order because the order refers to the corresponding parts. Using the example above, we would have:

Notice that the congruent sides also line up within the congruence statement.

We can also write this congruence statement a total of six ways, as long as the congruent angles match up. Any of the six ways above would be correct when stating that the two triangles are congruent.

YOU TRY!

a. Write a congruence statement for the two triangles below.

b. If , draw a diagram showing the two triangles making sure to properly label the CPTC.

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4.3b - The Third Angle Theorem

Third Angle Theorem: If two angles in one triangle are congruent to two angles in another triangle, then the third pair of angles must also congruent. In other words, for triangles and and , then

.

In other words, for triangles and and , then .

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: This theorem does not state that the triangles are congruent. That is because if two sets of angles are congruent, the sides could be different lengths as shown in the diagram above.

The CPTC is also useful for finding missing information in a diagram. In the diagram below, we wish to find the missing angles. Before we can do that however we need to determine if ABC∆ and DEF∆ are congruent. Based on the information in the diagram, the only parts we know are congruent are the angles but no information is given about the length of the sides so we cannot conclude the triangles are congruent. However, by the Third Angle Theorem and the Angle Sum Theorem, we can still find the angles measures. Using these tools we find that EB ∠≅∠ , DA ∠≅∠ , and FC ∠≅∠ therefore

°=∠ 42A , °=∠ 83E and the measures of angles F and C must be

180˚-42˚-83˚ or 55˚!

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4.3c Congruence Properties

The following properties are important when considering whether or not tow or more shapes are congruent. They are very useful tools that will be very useful in the upcoming sections.

Reflexive Property of Congruence: Any shape is congruent to itself.

or

Symmetric Property of Congruence: If two shapes are congruent, the statement can be written with either shape on either side of the sign.

and or and

Transitive Property of Congruence: If two shapes are congruent and one of those is congruent to a third, the first and third shapes are also congruent.

and , then

As we will see in the following examples, these three properties will be very important when you begin to prove that two triangles are congruent.

26

In order to say that , you must determine that the three corresponding angles and sides are congruent. Which pair of sides is congruent by the Reflexive Property?

27

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS SECTION 4.3

1.If , what is also congruent?

2.If , what is also congruent?

For questions 3-7, use the picture below.

3.What theorem tells us that ?

4.What is and ? How do you know?

5.What property tells us that the third side of each triangle is congruent?

6.How does relate to ?

7.Write the congruence statement for these two triangles.

For questions 8-12, use the picture to the right.

8.If , what angles are

congruent?

How do you know?

9.Why is ? It is not the same reason as #8.

10. Are the two triangles congruent with the information you currently have? Why or why not?

11. If you are told that is the midpoint of and , what segments are congruent?

12. Write a congruence statement for the two triangles.

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For questions 13-16, determine if the triangles are congruent. If they are, write the congruence statement.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17. Suppose the two triangles to the right are congruent. Write a congruence statement for these triangles.

18. Explain how we know that if the two triangles are congruent, then .

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For questions 19-22, determine the measure of all the angles in the each triangle.

19.

20.

21.

22.

For each of the following questions, determine if the Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive Properties of Congruence is used.

24. and , then

25. 26. and

27. 28. What type of triangle is in #27? How do you know?

30

Use the following diagram for questions 29 and 30.

29. Mark the diagram with the following information.

and and are perpendicularly bisect each other.

30. Using the given information and your markings, name all of the congruent triangles in the diagram.

31

Section 4.4: Triangle Congruence using SSS and SAS

INSTANT RECALL!

1.Determine the distance between the two points. a. (-1, 5) and (4, 12) b. (-6, -15) and (-3, 8)

2.Are the two triangles in each of the diagrams congruent? Explain why or why not.

a.

b. B is the midpoint of AC and DE

3.At this point in time, how many angles and sides do we have to know are congruent in order to say that two triangles are congruent?

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4. The “ideal” measurements in a kitchen from the sink, refrigerator and oven are as close to an equilateral triangle as possible. Your parents are remodeling theirs to be as close to this as possible and the measurements are in the picture at the left, below. Your neighbor’s kitchen has the measurements on the right. Are the two triangles congruent? Why or why not?

4.4a -SSS Postulate of Triangle Congruence

Consider the question: If I have three lengths, 3 in, 4 in, and 5 in, can I construct more than one triangle with these measurements? In other words, can I construct two different triangles with these same three lengths?

Can you draw another triangle, with these measurements that looks different? The answer is NO! Only one triangle can be created from any given three lengths.

An animation of this investigation can be found at: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/construct-ruler-compass-1.html

Side-Side-Side (SSS) Triangle Congruence Postulate: If three sides in one triangle are congruent to three sides in another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. Now, we only need to show that all three sides in a triangle are congruent to the three sides in another triangle. This is a postulate so we accept it as true without proof.

Think of the SSS Postulate as a shortcut. You no longer have to show 3 sets of angles are congruent and 3 sets of sides are congruent in order to say that the two triangles are congruent.

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To illustrate the SSS postulate, let’s consider the following example. We want to write triangle congruence statement based on the diagram below. In doing this, we need to make sure that you clearly state the three sets of congruent sides BEFORE stating that the triangles are congruent.

To use the postulate we simply line up the corresponding sides and make sure the sides are congruent. Once we have determined that the sides are congruent we can then declare the triangle congruent via the SSS postulate.

In the diagram above we know the following:

MLBA ≅ , LKAC ≅ , and that KMCB ≅

Given we have three congruent sides, we can then conclude

MLKBAC ∆≅∆ by the SSS postulate

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: ORDER MATTERS when writing triangle congruence statements. Here, we lined up the sides with one tic mark, then the sides with two tic marks, and finally the sides with three tic marks. This may require you to re-draw the shapes so they are oriented that same way. It will make it easier for keeping your order well, in order!

Another way we could have also used the SSS postulate is if we were given the actual side lengths to determine side congruency.

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4.4b -SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate

SAS stands for Side-Angle-Side. The placement of the word Angle is important because it indicates that the angle that you are given is between the two sides. We call this angle and Included Angle.

In the picture below, the markings indicate that and are the given sides, so would be the included angle.

Consider the question: If I have two sides of length 2 in and 5 in and the angle between them is 45˚, can I construct only one triangle?

Can you draw another triangle, with these measurements that looks different? The answer is NO! This is because only one triangle can be created from any given two lengths and the INCLUDED angle.

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Triangle Congruence Postulate: If two sides and the included angle in one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle in another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. Consider the diagram below which has ACB∆ and YZX∆

As in the SSS postulate, the markings in the picture are enough to say thatYZXACB ∆≅∆ .

So, in addition to SSS congruence, we now have SAS. Both of these postulates can be used to say that two triangles are congruent. When doing proofs, you might be able to use either SSS or SAS to prove that two triangles are congruent. There is no set way to complete a proof, so when faced with the choice to use SSS or SAS, it does not matter. Either would be correct.

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Finally, let’s consider the diagram below. We see that clearly we do not have all of the information to prove either SSS or SAS congruency. What additional piece of information would you need to prove that these two triangles are congruent using the SAS Postulate?

a)

b)

c)

d)

If we are proving triangle congruency via the SAS postulate, then we have to consider what is labeled on each triangle. Since we are given one side and one angle, we need to look to make sure we can show that the other sides (which would create an included angle) are congruent therefore answer C would allow us to conclude that the two triangles are congruent via the SAS postulate.

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4.4c-SSS in the Coordinate Plane

In the coordinate plane, the easiest way to show two triangles are congruent is to find the lengths of the 3 sides in each triangle. Finding the measure of an angle in the coordinate plane can be a little tricky, so we will avoid it in this text. Therefore, you will only need to apply SSS in the coordinate plane. To find the lengths of the sides, you will need to use the distance formula:

.

At this point in the course, we have extensively used the distance formula to prove polygons and line segments as congruent so take some time to determine if each of the following are congruent triangles!

A. Find the distances of all the line segments from both triangles to see if the two triangles are congruent.

B. Determine if the two triangles are congruent.

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/sss-and-sas/

37

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS SECTION 4.4 Are the pairs of triangles congruent? If so, write the congruence statement.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

38

State the additional piece of information needed to show that each pair of triangles are congruent.

9.Use SAS

10. Use SSS

11. Use SAS

12. Use SAS

13. Use SSS

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14. Use SAS

Determine if the two triangles are congruent, using the distance formula. Leave all of your answers in simplest radical form (simplify all radicals, no decimals).

22.

23.

24. and

25. and

40

Section 4.5: Triangle Congruence Using ASA, AAS, and HL

INSTANT RECALL!

1. Is ? Why or why not?

2. If , can it be assumed that:

a) ? Why or why not?

b) ? Why or why not?

4.5a - ASA Congruence

ASA refers to Angle-Side-Angle. The placement of the word Side is important because it indicates that the side that you are given is between the two angles. We call this an included side.

Consider the question: If I have two angles that are 45˚and 60˚and the side between them is 5 in, can I construct only one triangle?

Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate: If two angles and the included side in one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side in another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

The markings in the picture below are enough to say .

41

Given the choices below, what information would you need to prove that these two triangles are congruent using the ASA Postulate?

a)

b)

c)

d)

4.5b -AAS Congruence

A variation on ASA is AAS, which is Angle-Angle-Side. Recall that for ASA you need two angles and the side between them. But, if you know two pairs of angles are congruent, then the third pair will also be congruent by the 3rd Angle Theorem. Therefore, you can prove a triangle is congruent whenever you have any two angles and a side.

Be careful to note the placement of the side for ASA and AAS. As shown in the pictures above, the side is between the two angles for ASA and it is not for AAS.

• Angle-Angle-Side (AAS or SAA) Congruence Theorem: If two angles and a non-included side in one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles and a non-included side in another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

42

What information do you need to prove that these two triangles are congruent using:

a) ASA?

b) AAS?

c) SAS?

You Try!

Can you prove that the following triangles are congruent? Why or why not?

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/asa-and-aas/

4.5c-Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem

So far, the congruence postulates we have learned will work on any triangle. The last congruence theorem can only be used on right triangles. Recall that a right triangle has exactly one right angle. The two sides adjacent to the right angle are called legs and the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse.

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You may or may not know the Pythagorean Theorem (which will be covered in more depth later in this text). It says, for any right triangle, this equation is true:

. What this means is that if you are given two sides of a right triangle, you can always find the third.

Therefore, if you know that two sides of a right triangle are congruent to two sides of another right triangle, you can conclude that third sides are also congruent.

• HL Congruence Theorem: If the hypotenuse and leg in one right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and leg in another right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

The markings in the picture are enough to say .

Notice that this theorem is only used with a hypotenuse and a leg. If you know that the two legs of a right triangle are congruent to two legs of another triangle, the two triangles would be congruent by SAS, because the right angle would be between them. We will not prove this theorem here because we have not proven the Pythagorean Theorem yet.

What information would you need to prove that these two triangles are congruent using the: a) HL Theorem? b) SAS Theorem?

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/hl/

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4.5d - AAA and SSA Relationships

There are two other side-angle relationships that we have not discussed: AAA and SSA.

AAA implied that all the angles are congruent, however, that does not mean the triangles are congruent.

As you can see, and are not congruent, even though all the angles are. These triangles are similar, a topic that will be discussed later in this text.

SSA relationships do not prove congruence either. In review problems 29 and 30 of the last section you illustrated an example of how SSA could produce two different triangles. and below are another example of SSA.

and are not the included angles between the congruent sides, so we cannot prove that these two triangles are congruent. Notice, that two different triangles can be drawn even though , , and

.

http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/triangles/why-ssa-and-aaa-dont-work-as-congruence-shortcuts/

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Here is a table of all of the possible side-angle relationships

Side-Angle Relationship Picture Determine Congruence?

SSS

Yes

SAS

Yes

ASA

Yes

AAS (or SAA)

Yes

HL

Yes, Right Triangles Only

SSA (or ASS)

NO

AAA

NO

46

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS SECTION 4.5

For questions 1-10, determine if the triangles are congruent. If they are, write the congruence statement and which congruence postulate or theorem you used.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

47

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

48

12.

13.

14.

For questions 11-15, use the picture below and the given information below.

Given: is the angle bisector of

15. From , which angles are congruent and why?

16. Because is the angle bisector of , what two angles are congruent?

17. From looking at the picture, what additional piece of information are you given? Is this enough to prove the two triangles are congruent?

49

For questions 16-20, use the picture to the right and the given information.

Given:

20. From , which angles are congruent and why?

21. From looking at the picture, what additional piece of information can you conclude?

Determine the additional piece of information needed to show the two triangles are congruent by the given postulate.

25. AAS

26. ASA

27. ASA

50

28. AAS

29. HL

30. SAS

51

Section 4.6: Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

INSTANT RECALL!

Find the value of x and the measure of each angle.

1.

2.

3.

4.If a triangle is equiangular, what is the measure of each angle?

52

4.6a Isosceles Triangle Properties

An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has at least two congruent sides. The congruent sides of the isosceles triangle are called the legs. The other side is called the base and the angles between the base and the congruent sides are called base angles. The angle made by the two legs of the isosceles triangle is called the vertex angle.

• Base Angles Theorem: The base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.

• Isosceles Triangle Theorem: The angle bisector of the vertex angle in an isosceles triangle is also the perpendicular bisector to the base.

In the diagram below we know that this is an isosceles triangle because the two sides are congruent. As a result, which two angles are congruent?

YOU TRY!

A) In the diagram above, if the isosceles triangle has base angles with measures of 47˚, what is the measure of the vertex angle?

B) If an isosceles triangle has a vertex angle with a measure of , what is the measure of each base angle?

53

Algebra Connection Given an isosceles triangle, find the value of x and the measure of each angle.

In this example, we know that since the triangle is isosceles, we know the base angles must be equal to one-another so to find the value for x and the measure of the angles you simply need to set the expressions representing the angles equal to one-another.

(4x+12)˚= (5x-3)˚ solving for x we get x = 15, to find the angles substitute 15 for x and we get that the angles are 72˚. What is the measure of the vertex angle?

4.6b -Equilateral Triangles

By definition, all sides in an equilateral triangle have exactly the same length. Therefore, every equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.

From the Base Angles Theorem, the angles opposite congruent sides in an isosceles triangle are congruent. So, if all three sides of the triangle are congruent, then all of the angles are congruent or 60˚ each.

• Equilateral Triangles Theorem: All equilateral triangles are both equiangular and equilateral.

Algebra Connection Find the value of x .

We know that the length of one side is 11 and that this is an equilateral triangle so all we need to do is 3x -1 = 11. Solving for x we get x=4.

54

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS SECTION 4.6

For questions 1-9, find the measure of x and/or y.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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7.

8.

9.

10. in triangle is bisected by

.

Find and .

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11. Is isosceles? Explain your reasoning.

12. is an equilateral triangle. If bisects , find:

a. b. c. d. If , find .

Determine if the following statements are ALWAYS, SOMETIMES, or NEVER true. Explain your reasoning.

13. Base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.

14. Base angles of an isosceles triangle are complementary.

15. Base angles of an isosceles triangle can be equal to the vertex angle.

16. Base angles of an isosceles triangle can be right angles.

17. Base angles of an isosceles triangle are acute.

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Section 4.7 Similar Triangles The two triangles at the left are of the same shape. When two triangles are of the same shape but not the same size, we say that they are similar triangles. Similar triangles have sides that are proportional to one-another. It should be noted that any shape can have a correspondingly similar shape and not just a triangle.

If you measure the angles in the triangles above, you will see that the angles of ABC∆ are equal to the corresponding angles of EFG∆ . That is

EA ∠=∠ , GB ∠=∠ and FC ∠=∠

Clearly, however, while the angles may be equal, the measure of the sides are not. From the diagram above

BC= 2.3cm, AB = 2.5cm, AC = 1.5cm

GF=3.86cm, GE =4.2cm, EF= 2.52cm

If you take the ratio of corresponding sides you will find that they all have the same scale factor. In this case

68.1168.1

5.22.4

===ABGE 68.1

168.1

3.286.3

===BCGF 68.1

168.1

5.152.2

===ACEF

IMPORTANT TO NOTE

1. The ratio of any side of one triangle to the corresponding side of another similarly shaped triangle will be the same ratio for all three sides of the triangle.

2. When making statements about similar triangles, make sure the letters of one triangle match the letters of the other in correct correspondence.

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Similarity = equal angles and proportional sides

How does similarity differ from congruency?

4.7a Test for Similarity Using Side Lengths

If you understand that similar triangles are proportionate then it is pretty easy to test to see if two or more triangles qualify as similar. Consider the diagram following.

To see if CDE∆ is similar to SRQ∆ given the length of each side, set corresponding sides as a ratio to one-another and see if they all have the same scale factor

68.1168.1

1154

===CESQ

68.1168.1

1181

===CDSR

68.1168.1

1563

===EDQR

Therefore we can conclude CDE∆ and SRQ∆ are not similar because the scale factors for corresponding sides re not equal to one-another.

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You try! Use the corresponding sides of the triangles in the diagrams below to determine if the triangles are similar. Be careful in determining the corresponding side lengths!

a)

b)

4.7b Testing for Similarity Using Angles

To test for similarity with angles, recall that the angles MUST be equal to one-another in order for the triangles to be similar. You can determine this one of two ways

1. Use a protractor to measure the angles to see if they are congruent. 2. Use a diagram to determine if the notation shows that the

corresponding angles are congruent. When doing this, be careful of how the triangles are oriented (rotated) to one-another!

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In the diagram below we see that the triangles are similar because the corresponding angles are congruent.

Even though the triangles are rotated we can tell that angle C corresponds to angle P and from the diagram we can see that these two angles are congruent and therefore the triangle is similar. If you are not sure how to read the diagram, always use a protractor to measure the angles!

In the diagram below we see that the triangles are not similar because the corresponding angles are not congruent

Angle T corresponds to Angle Q but we see in the diagram that they are not labeled as congruent therefore the triangles are not similar.

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You Try! Use the diagrams to determine if the given triangles are similar. State your reason why or why not.

a)

b)

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Section 4.7 Homework Problems

63

64

65

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Chapter 4 Review Questions

For each pair of triangles, write what needs to be congruent in order for the triangles to be congruent. Then, write the congruence statement for the triangles.

1.HL

2.ASA

3.AAS

4.SSS

5.SAS

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Using the pictures below, determine which theorem, postulate or definition that supports each statement below.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. If , then