Chapter 4 Section 3 Wars Brought About Change To Ancient Greece Objectives How did the Greeks end...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Section 3 Wars Brought About Change To Ancient Greece Objectives How did the Greeks end...
Chapter 4
Section 3
Wars Brought About Change To Ancient Greece
• Objectives• How did the Greeks end the threat of
conquest by Persia?
• Why did the city-states fight among themselves?
• Whose military conquests helped to spread Greek culture through Asia?
I. Wars with Persia Threatened the Greek City-States
• First challenge came from the Persian Empire
• The Persians conquered the Greek colonies of Asia Minor in 500’s BC
• Darius I was the emperor of the Persian Empire, he wanted to go after Greece itself
• 492 BC Darius forms a huge army and navy and headed toward Greece
• By 490 BC the Persian army had defeated many city states and was 25 miles outside the city of Athens
• Miltiades (mil TY uh deez) head of the Athenian army led a charge against the Persians, thought greatly outnumbered they led a fierce attack which surprised the Persians
• Over 6000 Persians died, and only 192 Greeks
• The defeat caused Darius to retreat back to Persia
• After the victory at Marathon the Greeks sent a soldier back to Athens with news that they had won
• When he got to Athens he cried out Nike – which means victory.
• Then he tumbled to the ground dead of exhaustion – today the 26 mile race is called a marathon in memory of the Greek runner.
• 10 years later the Persians tried another attack this time with Darius’ son King Xerxes (ZERK seez) led the way
• B/C of a Greek traitor, the Persians defeated the Greeks, they burned Athens and looted the city
• The Greeks did get some revenge – they destroyed the Persian navy and once again the Persians retreated to Asia, this time never to return
II. Athens Entered A Golden Age
• Greek victory over the Persians was largely due to Athens
• In years after the Persian Wars, Athens entered a period known as the Golden Age of Athens.
• It became the leader of the city-states• Under Pericles, the Athenians rebuilt their
city
• The Parthenon was built at this time
• Fearing another Persian invasion the Athenians built a strong wall around the city
• Pericles wanted to unite wanted to united the Greek city-states into an organization for defense – this was called the Delian League
• Members of the league contributed money ships and soldiers to protect Greece
• Athens provided the most money and soldiers
• As time went on the city-states began to argue about the goals of the league
• Athens which paid the most share wanted the most power
• Soon wars broke out
• And cities like Sparta who were not members of the league feared Athens power.
• They formed their own league and attack Athens
• This started a series of wars known as the Peloponnesian Wars
• In the end Sparta defeated Athens but badly weakened both city states
• Sparta tried to unify and rule Greece like Athens had done
• City-states fought back and attempts to unify failed as did the Golden Age.
III. Macedonia Conquered Greece and Lands Beyond
• To the north of the Greeks was the Macedonians. Distantly related to the Greeks, but didn’t have the advanced culture of the Greeks
• After Peloponnesian Wars, they had a more united government
• Led by King Phillip II, they became a dangerous neighbor
• Phillip II believed he could united all the Greek city-states
• Learned the importance of a strong army when he was a hostage in the Greek city-state of Thebes
• He made his infantry and cavalry into strong fighting forces
• He began to slowly defeat the Greek city-states
• Demosthenes – Athenian orator feared Phillip II
• He felt the Greek city –states should unite against Phillip II
• His attempts failed.
• Phillips’s armies overran Greece
• All city-states except Sparta were under his control
• He planned on putting together a plan to conquest Persian, but he was assassinated before he could do so.
• Alexander the Great – Phillip’s son
• Alexander the Great was taught by the Greek teacher Aristotle to love culture and learning.
• Alexander was also a master of military skills as well
• At 21. He became the ruler of Macedonia and Greece.
• In 334BC he led 35,000 soldiers to Persia and won victory after victory
• By 331BC he controlled all the Persian Empire
• His victories united both the eastern and western worlds
• The mixing of these cultures created what is called a Hellenistic culture
• After he died, in 323BC the empire divided into 3 parts each led by one of Alexander’s generals
Greeks Tried A New Experiment in Government
• Greeks city-states began to fight against their new ruler and among themselves
• By 100’s BC a new power the Roman Empire, had defeated and absorbed the city-states
• Several of the city-states joined the Achaean League which was a Federation
• Federation – form of government in which smaller parts agree to give up some of their powers to stronger central government
• Which means while each city-state in the Achaean League kept control of its own affairs, a central government had the power to tax and raise an army
• Achaean League did not last long, however it was the basis of how the United States was formed and its style of government
• U.S is a Federation
• They could not make contracts or buy or sell anything, borrow money or sue
• They could not even inherit her husbands property after he died
• They wore veils at religious services
• Spent most of their time in the women’s quarters of the home
• In 450 BC, a woman names Aspasia opened a school for young women and it was well attended
• Gradually, over time the women of Greece started to play a more active part in the culture and the communities