Chapter 4 Resources and Environment Learning Objectives:
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Resources and Environment Learning Objectives:
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Chapter 4 Resources and EnvironmentLearning Objectives:
• World resources: nature, distribution & limits• Global food problems: their nature & extent,
difficulties in their solution• Strategic minerals: distribution & supply• The energy crisis: causes, consequences and
alternative energy options• Nature and causes of environmental
degradation
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Thinking about the organization of this textbook
• First, a broad discussion of resources• Then, a detour into theory (finally)• Followed by a treatment of industry,
progressing from activities absorbing natural resources through service industries
• Cast in space – in cities, and in systems of trade
• First, though, let us think about the broad sectors of economic activity
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The Economic System: An Industry Perspective (Fig 8.2)
• Primary: agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining
• Secondary: Manufacturing, Construction & Utilities
• Tertiary: Transportation, Trade, Business Services, Consumer Services, Public Services
• Quaternary Elements of tertiary except the channel of distribution (trade, transport)
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Key LinesOf ServiceEmployment
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The Economic System: A structural perspective
Primary
Activities:
Agriculture
Mining
Forestry
Fishing
SecondaryActivities:ManufacturingConstructionUtilities
TertiaryActivities:TradeTransportConsumer ServicesProducer ServicesPublic Services
CapitalStock
HOUSEHOLDS
Demand byAll Sectors
Indicates Transactions Within Industry Group
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The Economic System: A structural perspective (Chapters)
Primary
Activities:
Agriculture
Mining
Forestry
Fishing
SecondaryActivities:ManufacturingConstructionUtilities
TertiaryActivities:TradeTransportConsumer ServicesProducer ServicesPublic Services
CapitalStock
HOUSEHOLDS
Demand byAll Sectors
Indicates Transactions Within Industry Group
Ch 4,6
Chapter 5
Ch 7Ch 8, 9
Ch 10: Cities Ch. 12-14: TradeCh 11
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Foundational Issues and Resources and Population
• The constant specter of Malthus’ warning-Katrina & oil• Resource optimists vs. resource pessimists• The text contrasts a carrying capacity (?sustainable
development?) versus overpopulation approach to development– Patterns of growth with benefits to all, not just elites– Carrying capacity under particular technologies
• Alternatives to the current Western energy & material intensive production systems, based on (1) sun-based organic agriculture, (2) renewable energy sources, (3) greater reliance on local raw materials & labor intensive technologies, and (4) decentralized production to increase local self-reliance and reduce transport activity
Contrary to current institutions
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Types of Resources and Their Limits
?CostOf Use?
EntireStock
“Natural resources have meaning only in terms of historically-specificTechnical and cultural appraisals of nature….” p. 99
For a specificTime period
NonrenewableVs. renewableResources.RenewableStocks (soil)Vs. renewableFlows (water)MaximumSustained yieldTragedy of thecommons
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Food and Population
Globally food production has kept pace with population.Africa with major food supply problems; elsewhere problems of equityIn food supply distributions and nutritional quality. Obesity
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Food and Population
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Developing Countries With Food Security Issues
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Food Resource Issues• Urbanization & food supply patterns• Poverty – esp. in Africa & other LDC’s. Chapter
14 revisits this topic; under-nutrition; chronic malnutrition
• Population Growth & Food Security issues – problems of transport, marketing and storage, mismatch between where grain supplies are produced and needed
• Civil Unrest and War• Environmental Decline – desertification &
deforestation• Government policy and debt
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World Desertification – multiple causes – ?Role of Global Warming?
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Increasing Food Production• Expanding Cultivated Areas
– Theoretically about 2X current area, but major environmental issues (desertification, deforestation, related climate change)
• Raising the Productivity of Existing Cropland– Green Revolution; inequitable pattern. Figure 4.9
• Other factors:- aquaculture, development of high-protein cereals, more efficient use of certain foods– Concerns about genetically engineered seed stocks– How to institutionalize more sustainable agriculture?
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Countries Benefiting from the Green Revolution
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Fig 4.10 Artificial Fertilizer Use
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Pressure on Ocean Resources & AquacultureTragedy of the Commons
Natural Cycles
On-shore pollution
Natural disasters (KatrinaAnd Gulf Coast Oysters)
Side effects of aquaculture
Complex regulatory issues
Reference in text to Ellis:No data related to Fig 4.11