Chapter 4. Points to Remember Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue stretch, or...
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Transcript of Chapter 4. Points to Remember Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue stretch, or...
Chapter 4
Points to Remember Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue
stretch, or soft tissue approximation Abnormal end feel can be described as bony, boggy,
empty, springy block, or muscle spasm Types of arthrokinematic motion and roll, glide or spin. According to the concave - convex rule, concave joint
surface move in the same direction as the joint or body segment’s motion, while convex surfaces move in the opposite direction as the joint in motion
When a joint is congruent , it is in the close-packed (tight) position. When the joint is incongruent, it is in the open-packed (loose) position.
Osteokinematic Motion End Feel: a subjective assesment of a quality of the feel
when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint Normal bony end feel is characterized by a hard & abrupt
limit to passive joint motion Normal soft tissue stretch : a firm sensation that has slight
give when the joint is taken to end ROM Soft tissue approximation: when muscle bulk is compressed
giving a soft end feel Abnormal Boney feel – a sudden hard stop usually felt well
before the end of normal ROM Muscle Spasm – reflexive muscle guarding motion Empty end feel – movement produces considerable pain Springy Block - a rebounf movement is felt at the end of the
ROM
Accessory Motion Terminology Component Movement – are motions
that accompany active motion but are under voluntary control
Joint Play Movements – passive movements between joint surface done by passing applying external force
Joint Mobilization – a passive oscillatory motion or
Convex- Concave Rule Important: knowing that a joint surface is concave or
convex is important because shape determines motion
Concave-Convex Rule: describes how the differences in shape of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movementA concave joint surface will move on a fixed
convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving
The Concave joints surface moves in the same direction as the body segment motion
The Convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the body segment motion
Accessory Motion Traction – occurs when external force exerted
on a joint, causing the joint surface to pull apart
Approximation – occurs when external force is extended on a joint, causing the joint surface to be pushed close together
Shear – occurs when panedel to the surface, shear force results in a glide motion at the joint
Bending – occurs when an other- than – vertical force is applied, resulting in compression of the concave side and distraction on the convex side
Types of Arthrokinematic Motion Roll: rolling of one joint surface to
another Glide/ Slide: linear movements of the
joint surface to other joints Spin: Rotation of a moveable joint
surface on a fixed curve
Chapter 3
Types of Joints Joint – a connection between 2 bones
to allow motion
Types of Joints Fibrous Joint – has a thin layer of fibrous
periosteum between the 2 bones, such as in the suture of the skullSynarthrosis: the ends of the bones are shaped
to allow them to interlock. This joint has no motion between the bones, the purpose is to provide shape and strength
Syndesmosis/Ligaments: ligaments intercross membranes holding the joints together. Twisting or stretching movement
Gomphosis: “ bolting together” joint occurs between a tooth and wall of its dental socket in the mandible maxilla
Types of Joints
Cartilaginous Joint/ Amphiarthrodial : Small amount of motion such as bonding or twisting, and some compression
Types of Joints Synovial Joint/ Diarthrodial
allow free motionnot as stable
Joints: Nonaxial: glides; “Plane” Uniaxial Joint: 1 plane around 1 axis; “Hinge” or “Pivot” Biaxial Joint : 2 different directions for 1 joint; “Condyloid” or “Saddle” Trixial Joint : occurs in 3 axes; “Ball and Socket”
Shapes of Joints Pivot Joint: pivot motion is a transverse plane around the longitudinal
axis Condyloid Joint: bidirectional motion Saddle Joint : fits together like a horseback rider on a saddle
Types of Joints# of Axes Shape of Joint Joint Motion
Nonaxial Plane (Irregular) Gliding
Uniaxial Hinge Flexion/Extension
Pivot Rotation
Biaxial Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
Saddle Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction,Rotation (Accessory)
Triaxial (multiaxial) Ball and Socket Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction,Rotation
Degrees of Freedom
Uniaxial jt has motion around 1 axis and in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
Biaxial jt = 2 degrees of freedom Triaxial jt = 3 degrees of freedom 3 degrees of freedom is the max # an
individual jt can have How many degrees of freedom does the
arm have?
Planes and Axes Planes of action – fixed lines of reference along which the
body is divided Sagital Line - passes through the body into the right and left
parts Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) – Passes through the body
from side to side and divides the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into equal parts
Cardinal Plane – whenever a plane passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts
Center of Gravity – the point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other
Sagital Axis – a point that runs through a joint from side to side
Vertical Axis (Longitudinal Axis) – runs through a joint from top to bottom
Joint Structure Bones – articulate the amount and direction of motion Ligaments – connective tissue to help control joint
motion Capsule – protects joints and bone surfaces Synovial Membrane- a vascular connective tissue that
secretes synovial fluid Synovial Fluid – a thick, clear fluid, that lubricants the
articular cartilage Articular Cartilage – covers the ends of opposing
bones. Provides blood. Fibrocartilage – Shock absorber weight banning joints
like knee Elastic Cartilage – Help maintain a structure's shape Tendon – connect muscle to bone Bursae - padlike sacs in joints
Levers Limbs are like machines The action of a muscle pulling on a bone often
works like a type of simple machine called a LEVER.
1st CLASS LEVER: the weight and force are on the opposite sides of the fulcrum/axis (the fulcrum/axis is the middle)
2nd CLASS LEVER: the load/weight is between the fulcrum and the force (the load/weight is in the middle)
3rd CLASS LEVER: the force in between the fulcrum and the load (the force is in the middle)
Common Pathological Terms Dislocation: Complete separation of the 2 articular
surface of a joint Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint, usually
occurs over a period of time (degenerative arthritis)
Osteoarthritis: type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one of the most joints
Sprains: partial or complete tearing of the ligament fibers
Strain: overstretching the muscle fibers as with sprains and strains
Common Pathological Terms Tendonitis – is an inflammation of the
tendon Synovities – is an inflammation of the
synovial membrane Tendosynovitis- an inflammation of the
tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use
Bursitis – an inflammation of the bursa Capsulitis – and inflammation of the joint
capsule
Did you know turtles can breathe through their butts?(: